                                                           Haplogroup G Project
                              DNA Results and Groupings

                                                                           G2a3a groups

The M406 mutation that characterizes this group is found in about 5% of the population of Turkey.
Likely this is the country with the most men with the M406 mutation. Yet we have only a few
samples here from Turkey. That Turkey has the most G2a3a persons does not mean that this country is
where the ancient ancestor who developed this mutation once lived, but it raises suspicion that many of those
today in other parts of the world once had an ancestor who once lived in today's Turkey.

For information on what is known of the origins of this grouping here and migrations and time
relationships to other G groupings link to the migration-time page .

The most characteristic value for most G2a3a men is 21 for marker DYS390. This value is not unique to
G2a3a men, but its presence should raise a red flag that the person may be G2a3a. Some G2a3 men have
other values for this marker. All of the marker values must be taken into consideration in determining
whether a sample falls within the group of G2a3a samples. We have used special DNA software (Fluxus)
to produce phylogenetic diagrams using 67-marker samples. Using 67 markers, these diagrams, which give
extra weight to the slower-mutating markers, have been relatively successful in showing correct relationships.
The software indicates there is very little clustering within the area of the diagram where G2a3a men are shown.
The long age of the M406 mutation means that the men possessing this mutation have developed significant
marker value differences. If a large number of samples from Turkey were available, the diagram would likely
show multiple clusters. Presently the diagram is a series of branches, with just a few of the men close enough
genetically to show some clustering.

Unlike in a number of other haplo G groupings, we are unable to show but a few cluster groups and have instead
organized the men by the separate branches created by the software. Even on the same branch, the samples available
may not be particularly close genetically. Branch # 8 has the closest clustering of men from diverse geographical
areas.

Persons who are G2a3a are confirmed as such by special SNP testing. Persons who are G will all be
positive for the M201 SNP. In addition, those positive for P287 are G2, and those also positive for P15 are G2a.
The P287 SNP is a rather recently identified SNP, and most of our samples were not tested for it. However,
anyone who is P15+ will necessarily be P287+.   There are two further tests to bring the subcategorization
down to G2a3a. First, the men here will be positive for U8 or S126 or L30 (G2a3). Only a few men have been found
positive for this because it just recently became available in commercial labs. Finally, the men here will be
M406+. This is the SNP specific for G2a3a. Anyone who is M406+ will necessarily be positive for all the
other SNPs mentioned above. A subcategory of G2a3a also was recently identified. Anyone who is positive for
U16 or L14 or S130 or S133 will belong to this subcategory. As of this writing only two M406 men have been found
negative for this and one positive. Those suspected to be positive for the G2a3a subgroup are listed on a separate
page.

Several marker values from research studies are shown below in italics. These markers were not tested, but
the italicized presumed values entered are either highly predictable or found in all G persons. The research study
mentioned below is the study by Cinnioglu et al. Research Study2 is S.M. Adams et al., "The Genetic
Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews and Muslims in the Iberian
Peninsula," American Journal of Human Genetics, Dec 2008, vol 83(6), pp 725-36.   Research Study3 is
Pierre Zalloua et al., "Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Lebanon Is Structured by Recent Events " American Journal
of Human Genetics, 2008, vol 82(4), pp 873-82. Research Study4 is Zalloua, Pierre A. et al.,
"Identifying Genetic Traces of Historical Expansions: Phoenician Footprints in the Mediterranean," American
Journal of Human Genetics, 2008, vol 83(5), pp 633-42. Research Study5 is Alshamali, F., "Local
Population Structures in Arabian Peninsula Revealed by Y-STR Diversity," Human Heredity, 2009, vol 65(1),
pp 44-54. If the DYS426 value is in italics, it is only predicted. Virtually all G persons have a value of 11 for
DYS426. Research Study6 is Michael Hammer et al., "Extended Y Chromosome Haplotypes Resolve
Multiple and Unique Lineages of the Jewish Priesthood," Human Genetics, 8 Aug 2009, E-pub ahead of print.

The YHRD database is a public database of samples collected from around the world as submitted by scientists.

It should be noted that Lindsay's posted value of 6 for marker DYS452 comes from an outdated calibration system
and should be ignored.

Recommended additional deep ancestry testing for men here with the interest and funds for this:

Because there is such a diversity of samples within the M406+ group, upgrades to Family Tree DNA's 67
markers are always very useful in determining proper relationships and for time calculations to common ancestors.
In many cases having 67 markers available may be as useful as having SNP testing because M406+ men cluster
on a distinct separate branch in the phylogenetic network diagram.
For deep ancestry purposes, only one person within a surname project needs the full 67 markers. Additional testing
within surname projects might be indicated for more recent comparisons.

At Family Tree DNA for those tested there, in the haplotree section of a G2a3a person's results page is listed
also a deep clade SNP test to order.  For many persons on this page having more than 12 markers, this testing
is not really needed to confirm the G2a3a status. Those with DYS390=21 seem more safely M406+, as are those
with 25 or more markers who are very close in marker values to someone confirmed M406+.

However, the deep clade testing is essential to identify which persons belong to the additional subgroup G2a3a1
(characterized by being positive for L14). We currently cannot predict who will or will not be L14+. Only a few persons
so far have tested for L14. In those "branches" below where a man is confirmed negative for L14, there is no guarantee
that others included on that branch are similarly L14- but it is more likely this is the case. L14 only recently became
available. In situations where a person was previously found M406+, the deep clade section on the results page will now
offer an "extended" deep clade test consisting only of L14.

Results
The *** symbol indicates at least one man
in branch is negative for the L14+ subgroup of G2a3a

Branch # 1***
Marker designations in blue

Kit No. Surname Ancestral.origin Haplo
Code YSearch
Link 393 390 19
(394) 391 385
a 385
b 426 388 439 389
i 392 389
ii 458 459
a 459
b 455 454 447 437 448 449 464
a 464
b 464
c 464
d 464
e 464
f 460 GATA
H4 YCA
IIa YCA
IIb 456 607 576 570 CDY
a CDY
b 442 438 531 578 395
S1a 395
S1b 590 537 641 472 406
S1 511 425 413
a 413
b 557 594 436 490 534 450 444 481 520 446 617 568 487 572 640 492 565 441 461 463 445 452 YGATA
A10 YGATA
H4.1 462 GGAAT
1807 635

N73929 Petras* Turkey MOST 14 21 15 10 14 16 11 12 14 12 11 28 16 9 9 10 11 23 16 23 32 12 12 14 14 10 10 19 20 17 12 17 20 35 37 10 10 11 8 15 18 8 11 10 8 11 11 14 22 22 16 10 12 12 14 8 12 21 20 18 12 11 13 10 11 11 12
YHRDsample* N. Greece X 14 21 15 10 14 16 11 12 12 11 28 17 16 22 11 16 10 22
YHRDsample* W.Africa X 14 21 15 10 14 16 11 12 11 29
YHRDsample* SaltaArgentina X 14 21 15 10 14 16 11 12 11 29
YHRDsample* Azerbaijan X 14 21 15 10 14 16 11 12 11 29
YHRDsample* AfricanAmerican X 14 21 15 10 14 16 11 11 12 11 29 17 15 21 11 15 11 21
Research study* Turkey PART 14 21 14 10 11 12 11 12 11 30
Research study4*
3 samples Palestine GENL 14 21 13 10 11 13 11 12 11 29 10
Notis* Greece X A7NA6 14 21 14 10 14 16 10 12 13 12 11 28

Branch # 2 ***
Marker designations in blue

Kit No. Surname Ancestral.origin Haplo
Code YSearch
Link 393 390 19
(394) 391 385
a 385
b 426 388 439 389
i 392 389
ii 458 459
a 459
b 455 454 447 437 448 449 464
a 464
b 464
c 464
d 464
e 464
f 460 GATA
H4 YCA
IIa YCA
IIb 456 607 576 570 CDY
a CDY
b 442 438 531 578 395
S1a 395
S1b 590 537 641 472 406
S1 511 425 413
a 413
b 557 594 436 490 534 450 444 481 520 446 617 568 487 572 640 492 565 441 461 463 445 452 YGATA
A10 YGATA
H4.1 462 GGAAT
1807 635

155680 Melik Armenia GENL 6A5EV 15 21 14 10 13 16 11 12 11 12 11 29 15 9 9 11 11 22 16 24 32 12 14 14 15 11 10 19 20 15 14 14 17 33 37 12 10 11 9 15 16 8 11 10 8 12 11 14 22 22 17 10 12 12 13 8 13 21 21 14 13 11 13 10 11 11 12
N16199 ..........Lang......... Germany LOTS P773K 15 21 15 11 13 15 11 12 11 12 11 28 17 9 9 11 11 23 16 23 31 12 14 14 14 12 11 20 20 16 14 14 17 34 38 11 10 11 9 15 16 8 11 10 8 11 11 14 22 23 16 10 12 12 14 8 13 21 20 15 13 11 13 10 11 11 12
82873 Kurer Switzerland GENL BYDSJ 15 21 15 10 13 15 11 12 10 12 11 28 17 9 9 11 11 24 15 24 31 12 14 14 14 11 10 19 20 17 14 17 18 35 38 11 10 11 9 15 16 8 11 10 8 11 11 14 22 22 16 10 12 12 14 8 13 21 20 15 14 11 13 10 11 11 12
Fucentese Italy ? NBWMS 15 21 15 10 13 15 10 12 11 12 11 28 15 9 9 11 11 23 16 22 30 12 12 14 14
YHRD sample* Orel Russia X 15 21 15 10 13 15 11 11 12 11 29 16 16 23 11 16 10 10 21
ResearchStudy3* Lebanon(Shiite) GENL 15 21 15 11 11 12 13 12 11 29 10
YHRD sample* Iraqi Kurd X 15 21 15 11 13 15 11 12 11 29
YHRD sample* Bulgaria X 15 21 15 11 13 15 11 12 11 29
YHRD sample* N. Greece X 15 21 15 11 13 15 11 11 12 11 29 16 16 23 12 15 10 21
ResearchStudy2* GaliciaSpain GENL 15 21 16 10 13 16 11 12 11 12 11 29 16 10 10 14 11 12
64136 Bolinaga Spain(Basque) MOST 7HEPW 15 21 16 10 13 16 11 12 11 12 11 29 16 9 9 11 11 23 16 23 28 13 14 14 14 14 11 10 19 20 15 14 15 17 34 37 13 10 11 8 15 16 8 11 10 8 11 11 14 22 22 16 10 14 12 13 9 14 22 20 16 13 11 13 10 11 11 12 16 11 22 10 25 11 12 12 21
N10019 Kisa Turkey L30 URENY 15 21 16 10 11 15 11 12 12 12 11 29 15 9 9 11 11 24 16 22 29 12 14 14 14 10 10 19 20 15 14 17 17 33 39 11 10 11 9 14 16 8 11 10 8 11 11 14 22 22 16 10 12 12 13 8 14 21 20 16 13 11 14 10 11 11 12
YHRD sample* centralPortugal X 15 21 16 10 13 16 11 11 12 11 29 16 16 23 11 15 10 21
YHRD sample* CordobaColombia X 15 21 16 10 13 16 11 11 12 11 29 17 16 23 11 15 10 21
ResearchStudy2* MajorcaSpain GENL 15 21 15 10 13 16 11 12 11 12 11 28 15 10 10 12 11 13
YHRD sample* LombardyItaly X 15 21 15 10 13 16 11 12 11 28 10
YHRD sample* AntioquiaColombia X 15 21 15 10 13 16 11 12 11 28 10
ResearchStudy3* Lebanon(Shiite) GENL 15 21 15 10 11 12 11 12 11 29 10
Research study4* Cyprus GENL 15 21 16 10 11 12 11 12 11 27 10
Research study4* Cyprus GENL 15 21 15 10 11 12 11 12 11 30 9

Branch # 3
Marker designations in blue

Kit No. Surname Ancestral.origin Haplo
Code YSearch
Link 393 390 19
(394) 391 385
a 385
b 426 388 439 389
i 392 389
ii 458 459
a 459
b 455 454 447 437 448 449 464
a 464
b 464
c 464
d 464
e 464
f 460 GATA
H4 YCA
IIa YCA
IIb 456 607 576 570 CDY
a CDY
b 442 438 531 578 395
S1a 395
S1b 590 537 641 472 406
S1 511 425 413
a 413
b 557 594 436 490 534 450 444 481 520 446 617 568 487 572 640 492 565 441 461 463 445 452 YGATA
A10 YGATA
H4.1 462 GGAAT
1807 635

117973 Schmuck Austria GENL WZAAE 13 21 15 10 14 15 11 12 12 12 11 29 18 9 9 11 11 23 16 20 28 12 12 12 13 10 10 20 21 14 15 18 18 33 35 11 10
YHRDsample* Central Portugal X 13 21 15 10 14 15 11 11 12 11 29 10
YHRDsample* Rabat Morocco
(Berber) X 13 21 15 10 14 15 11 11 12 11 29 17 15 22 12 15 10 21
YHRDsample* Rabat Morocco
(Arab) X 13 21 15 10 14 15 11 11 12 11 29 17 16 22 12 15 10 21
3837 Cooper GENL E5VHJ 14 21 15 10 14 15 11 12 13 12 11 28 16 8 9 11 11 24 16 23 27 13 14 14 14 10 10 20 20 15 12 16 17 33 35 11 10 11 8 15 16 8 11 10 8 11 11 -- 20 22 16 10 12 12 14 8 13 22 20 17 13 11 13 10 11 11 12
Cooper ? RX5NJ 14 21 15 10 14 15 11 12 13 12 11 28 16 8 9 11 11 23 16 23 27 13 14 14 14
Keiffer MarylandUSA ? JH339 14 21 15 10 14 15 11 12 13 12 11 28
Lindsay VirginiaUSA ? FZXEB 14 21 15 10 14 15 11 12 13 12 11 28 16 8 9 11 11 23 16 23 27 13 14 14 14 10 11 20 20 15 11 10 13 17 14 11 20 11 6 11 12 11 21
YHRDsample* Georgia X 14 21 15 10 14 15 11 12 11 28
YHRDsample* Athens Greece X 14 21 15 10 14 15 11 12 11 28
ResearchStudy3* Lebanon(Sunni) GENL 14 21 15 11 11 12 13 12 11 28 10
ResearchStudy3* Lebanon(Shiite) GENL 13 21 15 10 11 12 11 12 11 28 10
ResearchStudy3* Lebanon(Shiite) GENL 14 21 16 10 11 12 11 12 11 28 10
ResearchStudy5* Dubai X 14 21 16 10 13 15 11 11 12 11 28 10
Hooker ? KRRSA 14 21 16 10 13 15 11 12 11 12 11 28 18 9 9 11 11 24 16 21 26 12 13 14 14 10 10 19 20 15 14 15 18 32 37 11 10 11 8 16 16 8 11 10 8 10 10 14 22 22 14 10 12 12 14 8 12 22 20 19 13 11 13 10 11 11 11
Moll Netherlands X H8N4F 14 21 16 10 13 15 11 12 11 12 11 28 23 16 22 10 12 19 20 10
ResearchStudy3* Lebanon(Catholic) GENL 14 21 15 10 11 13 11 12 11 29 10
N20868 Petty LeicestershEngl PART 78CRX 14 21 15 10 14 16 11 12 13 12 11 28
YHRDsample* N. Greece X 14 21 15 11 14 16 11 12 12 11 28 17 16 22 11 16 10 22
E5364 Zimmerling Ukraine X 3TUMM 14 21 15 11 14 16 11 12 12 12 11 30
Avram Greece ? 2FAZ6 13 21 15 10 14 16 11 12 11 12 11 31 17 9 9 11 11 25 16 23 26 12 13 14 14
Teixeira AzoresPort ? QXJAX 14 21 16 11 14 15 11 12 11 12 11 29 16 9 9 11 11 22 16 22 30 13 13 13 15 10 10 19 20 16 12 16 18 34 39 11 10
YHRDsample* RioGrandedoSulBrazil X 14 21 16 11 14 15 11 11 12 11 29 16 16 22 11 16 10 23

Kit No. Surname Ancestral.origin Haplo
Code YSearch
Link 393 390 19
(394) 391 385
a 385
b 426 388 439 389
i 392 389
ii 458 459
a 459
b 455 454 447 437 448 449 464
a 464
b 464
c 464
d 464
e 464
f 460 GATA
H4 YCA
IIa YCA
IIb 456 607 576 570 CDY
a CDY
b 442 438 531 578 395
S1a 395
S1b 590 537 641 472 406
S1 511 425 413
a 413
b 557 594 436 490 534 450 444 481 520 446 617 568 487 572 640 492 565 441 461 463 445 452 YGATA
A10 YGATA
H4.1 462 GGAAT
1807 635

N33357 Papazoglou* Greece PART V4R5G 15 21 15 10 13 15 11 12 12 13 11 32
YHRDsample* Syria X 15 21 15 10 13 15 11 13 11 31
N30417 Karavlan* Moldova PART 14 21 15 10 14 16 11 12 11 12 11 29
YHRDsample* SkopjeMacedonia X 14 21 15 11 14 16 11 12 12 11 29 10
YHRDsample* GuadalajaraMex X 14 21 15 11 14 16 11 12 12 11 29 16 16 21 12 17 10 21
YHRDsample* USHispanic X 14 21 15 11 14 16 11 12 12 11 29 16 16 21 12 17 10 22
Research study* Turkey PART 14 21 15 11 11 12 12 12 11 28
43781 Ahumada* Mexico X 9H4K7 15 21 15 10 13 17 11 12 11 12 11 29
YHRDsample* Dresden Germany X 15 21 15 10 13 17 11 12 11 29
YHRDsample* Rio Negro Argent X 15 21 15 10 13 17 11 12 11 29
YHRDsample* SaoPaolo Brazil X 15 21 15 10 13 17 11 12 11 29
YHRDsample* Peru X 15 21 15 10 13 17 11 11 12 11 29 17 16 22 11 15 10 22
YHRDsample* Central Portugal X 15 21 15 10 13 17 11 11 12 11 29 17 16 23 11 15 10 22
YHRDsample* Central Portugal X 15 21 15 10 13 17 11 11 12 11 29 16 16 23 11 16 10 22
N52088 Bou Samra* Lebanon X 15 21 15 10 13 15 10 12 13 12 11 30
YHRDsample* RioNegroArgent X 15 21 15 10 13 15 11 12 11 30
YHRDsample* MendozaArgent X 15 21 15 10 13 15 11 12 12 11 30 16 16 23 11 15 10 21
YHRDsample* N.Portugal X 14 21 15 10 13 15 11 11 12 11 28 10
ResearchStudy6* Syria(Jewish) PART 14 21 15 10 13 15 11 12 16 12 11 29 17 9 9 11 11 23 23 29 10 11
41233 Farhi* Turkey X 14 21 15 11 14 14 11 12 10 12 11 29
YHRDsample* Central Portugal X 14 21 15 11 14 15 11 12 12 11 29 15 16 22 11 17 11 21
YHRDsample* LjubljanaSlovenia X 14 21 15 11 14 15 11 13 12 11 29 11

Kit No.	Surname	Ancestral.origin	Haplo Code	YSearch Link	393	390	19 (394)	391	385 a	385 b	426	388	439	389 i	392	389 ii	458	459 a	459 b	455	454	447	437	448	449	464 a	464 b	464 c	464 d	464 e	464 f	460	GATA H4	YCA IIa	YCA IIb	456	607	576	570	CDY a	CDY b	442	438	531	578	395 S1a	395 S1b	590	537	641	472	406 S1	511	425	413 a	413 b	557	594	436	490	534	450	444	481	520	446	617	568	487	572	640	492	565	441	461	463	445	452	YGATA A10	YGATA H4.1	462	GGAAT 1807	635
N73929	Petras*	Turkey	MOST		14	21	15	10	14	16	11	12	14	12	11	28	16	9	9	10	11	23	16	23	32	12	12	14	14			10	10	19	20	17	12	17	20	35	37	10	10	11	8	15	18	8	11	10	8	11	11	14	22	22	16	10	12	12	14	8	12	21	20	18	12	11	13	10	11	11	12
	YHRDsample*	N. Greece	X		14	21	15	10	14	16	11		12	12	11	28	17						16	22									11			16							10																																								22
	YHRDsample*	W.Africa	X		14	21	15	10	14	16	11			12	11	29
	YHRDsample*	SaltaArgentina	X		14	21	15	10	14	16	11			12	11	29
	YHRDsample*	Azerbaijan	X		14	21	15	10	14	16	11			12	11	29
	YHRDsample*	AfricanAmerican	X		14	21	15	10	14	16	11		11	12	11	29	17						15	21									11			15							11																																								21
	Research study*	Turkey	PART		14	21	14	10			11	12	11	12	11	30
	Research study4* 3 samples	Palestine	GENL		14	21	13	10			11	13	11	12	11	29																											10
	Notis*	Greece	X	A7NA6	14	21	14	10	14	16	10	12	13	12	11	28