link here to all persons listed here in Y-Search              link here to the lab results in Haplo G Project
                       link here to the Sorenson Y-DNA database                link here to YHRD database
                                 [search for surname using FTDNA values]

Explanation of this clade  
  Please note that all references to the old terminology for this group have been changed here to
  say G2a.  Some other locations on the Internet may still use the old term, G2.

 Although three members of this clade have tested positive both for G2a as well as the new mutations
  U8, U1 and U13, the exact boundaries of the U13 clade are unclear, and some of the men below
  may only be postive for U8.  The U13 mutation seems to be one of the youngest in the G family.
  When these new mutations are added to official G subgroup listings, they would logically be G2a3a2,
   but this is speculative.

  It will be noted there is an unusual concentration of this clade in the German-speaking countries
  of Germany and Switzerland and minimal presence (if any) in Iberia and Scandinavia.  The
  spread beyond Germany follows several migration patterns of Germanic tribes.  So one possibility
  is that this clade was intermixed with Germanic tribes and followed the Saxons, Burgundians and
  Lombards in spreading the clade to France, Italy, eastern Europe and England.  Its absence so far 
  in Celtic-speaking areas of the British Isles also argues for a connection to the Saxons, rather
  than Romans or Normans.

  There may be a small Jewish or crpyto-Jewish subclade, but better research and more samples
  are needed to confirm this.

   The overwhelmingly Germanic component has DYS439=12 and DYS442=11
   The mostly English component has DYS439=13 and DYS442=11
   The seemingly mostly Italian component has DYS439=12 and DYS442=12
    Additional samples are needed to confirm this pattern persists with more samples.

    These markers are not particularly slow.  There are significant differences here in slow markers
    DYS393 and DYS449.  Unfortunately neither of these markers is suitable here for designating
    subgroups as those having each found value are geographically mixed and not necessarily closely
    related.  Although only two values are involved at each marker, apparently a reversion to an
    original value by some ancestors has occurred at both markers, muddying the waters.

    However, the value of 16 for slow marker DYS395S1a designates a subgroup of the
    English component.  Young and Maynor belong to this subgroup.  The mutation rate for this
    marker is 1 in 1000 generations, and the mutation is assumed to be relatively recent since no
    one else shares this value.  This marker is only found in the 67-marker panel at Family Tree DNA lab.

    Tims and Horton compose yet another subgroup.  Not only do they have a very rare
     value of 7 for marker 459a, but they also have a 29 value for marker DYS449, a slow marker.  
     No other G person in this clade shares this DYS449 value.  459a has a mutation rate of a little
     more than once for 1 in 1000 generations, and 449 has a mutation rate of less than 1 in 1000
     generations.

    The final subgroup identified consists of Reitter and Andrews who have a 9 value for
     slow marker DYS 455.    This is a very slow marker with a mutation rate of about 1 in 5000
     generations. Andrews has also developed a very rate 24 value for YCAIIb -- seemingly by
     some extraordinary mutation event because 21 is the normal upper limits here. 

Persons probably belonging to this clade    May 2007 update
............confirmed members with 37 markers listed on the graph above are in bold
.....................those with fewer than 37 markers who only seem to belong to the clade are in plain type