Schematic Diagrams of Haplogroup G Clades


Return to Discussion of G Distribution




Subcategories of haplogroup G are based on special SNP testing. 

SNPs are mutations passed on to descendants and are usually permanent changes.  The SNPs are
referred to by the designation of a site on the DNA chromosome, such as M201 and P15.  The +
sign indicates the SNP mutation is present.  All G persons will have the first and oldest SNP mutation that
occurred at M201.
 
Discovery of new SNPs is an ongoing process.   New discoveries within other haplogroups
have required reassignment of designations, and it may be possible 10 years from now that none
of the G subgroups below will have the same designation.  The results of testing for the individual SNPs
will remain the same, but they could have different classification in the future.  Major reclassifications
took place in 2007-08.

The SNP mutations that occurred later than the general G mutation (M201+) are shown below. 
A person who belongs to one branch, such as G1, will not belong to another branch, such as G2.
As an example, a person who is in subgroup G1 will have the M285 mutation (M285+) but will
lack the SNP for G2 (P287+).  

In addition, this G1 (M285+) person may or may not belong to a subgroup of G1.

Note: the G categories are presently in a state of great flux. New SNP mutations were discovered
by three different labs in recent months, and it is not at all clear at present how these SNPs
will be classified as it depends on who will do the classifying.  There could be competing versions
of the classifications.  My categories are very tentative, but it is better recognizing these rather than
ignoring them.  The old categories shown in maroon are still used by the commercial labs.

G1 = M285+ or M342+
       G1a = P20+
       G1b = P76+  [first reported in 2007]
G2 = P287+ [first reported in 2007]
       G2a = P15+ ....previously just G2.... 
               G2a1= P16+ ....previously just G2a....
                       G2a1a= P18+ ....previously just G2a1....
               G2a2 = M286+ ....previously G2b...
               G2a3 = U8+ [first reported informally in 2006]
                       G2a3a = U1+ [first reported informally in 2006]
                             G2a3a1 = U13+ [first reported informally in 2006]
                             G2a3a2(?) = M406+ [first reported in 2008 and called G2d for reasons unclear]
      G2b = M287+ ....previously G3...  
      G2c = M377+  ....previously G5....
             G2c1 = M283+  Its existence reported in 2007 by Ted Kandell but not confirmed.
                               
G1 is uncommon among G persons in Europe.  It seems to be in highest concentration in
        Iran.  Turkey and perhaps parts of the Middle East have a significant population of G1.
G1a was found only among 4 men in Turkey.  Dr. Krahn (see below) found that the SNP for
        this is defective and will not always be present when it should be.
G1b is so new it is unclear who might below to this subgroup.
G2a is in the majority among G persons worldwide.
        Dr. Thomas Krahn of Family Tree DNA in July 2007 published information that the
        markers for G2a1 and G2a1a  (then called G2a & G2a1) may not be reliable tests.
          http://archiver.rootsweb.com/th/read/GENEALOGY-DNA/2007-07/1185576938
        He suggests ordering a special marker test, DYF411 if the initial marker values
        suggest one is G2a but not confirmed by SNP testing.  He  suggests that DYS425=12
        (from Family Tree DNA's 38-67 marker panel should raise a red flag) that a person is
        G2a1, but my own data suggests this might include too many persons.  Of those who are
        confirmed G2 so far from Europe, all have an unusual DYS392 value of 10.  They
        also have DYS425=12.  Perhaps the combination is even more predictive, but enough
        data are probably lacking at present.  The DYS392 value of 10 is not unique to G2a1
        though rare in Europe.
        Family Tree removed G2a1 and G2a1a from its trees in July 2007 and no longer offers the tests
        but will mention their presence when found during G subgroup testing.
 G2a1, particularly G2a1a may be the most common in the north Caucasus region
         [testing is lacking from there] because of haplotypes there similar to European
         G2a1a men.  G2a1 is quite uncommon in Europe..  
 G2a2 was reported in a Turkish study in one man and among several Europeans.
 G2a3... (U8+) seems the most common G category in Europe.  Many of these men -- especially in 
         northwestern Europe -- have DYS388=13.  As of March 2008, not published and not
         available for testing.
 G2a3a...so far just about all of the men who have U1, belong to subgroups of this G2a3a.
        U1 as of March 2008 not published and not available for testing.
 G2a3a1  It is particularly common among Germanic G persons and so far absent from Iberia.  It would
         seem that U13 can be predicted in a high percentage of cases based on marker values because it
         occurred recently enough.  See the characteristic U13 marker values in the 3 
         clades listed below.  As of March 2008, this U13 marker not published and not available for testing.
G2a3a2.  This is apparently relatively common in Greece and Turkey but not tested elsewhere.
         My supposition that M406+ persons are U8+ and U1+ is speculative as no information is
         available.  It is likely they are U8+, but whether U1+ is a complete guess.
G2b was reported in a Turkish study in one man.  It is apparent this is so rare that
                it might actually be a mutation specific to a small family grouping.  Dr. Krahn has
                suggested abolishing this as a tested SNP due to unreliability, but it is still available.
G2c was reported in small numbers in Pakistan and one in e. Turkey and Uzbekistan. Among
                Europeans, a group of mostly Ashkenazi Jews comprise most of the members of a subcategory. 
                The Ashkenazi G2c's also have a null value for DYS425, meaning the entire marker was lost
                due to a mutation. 
G2c1 was reported by Ted Kandell in 2007, but not yet confirmed by a research group.  It is apparently
                found among non-Ashkenazi G2c persons in western Asia.


Diagram that shows 237 G men with the same 67-markers.
[April 2008 version]
Also estimated time relationships among G persons.

The diagram was constructed with the shareware program, Nexus, version  4.5.0 by Fluxus Software,
selecting the features for assembling Y-chromosome data.  The relationships shown are imperfectly depicted
due to absence of samples or the failure of some branches to survive.  Some nearby persons on the charts 
may not be closely related unless they are part of a cluster.  Solitary persons at the end of long branches
tend to move about as new samples are added.

The larger yellow nodes indicate multiple men at that node share the same close values.

The marker values were given special weightings  to de-emphasize proportionally those markers that
show the most diversity of values and that experience mutations more frequently.  This procedure has been 
been used in published studies.

>>>>Link here to see this network with 67-marker results 
                     [also time relationships among G persons]


Clades (clusters) of G persons.
                        Characteristic, unusual values are in red, but are not unique to each clade.

                             Comparisons of 37-marker sets were the basis for deciding on who is
                                       included in a clade even if one or more markers does not match
                                       the typical marker values.  The 67-marker sets were not used for
                                       this section because not enough are yet available.  Preliminary info
                                       indicates that the 37-marker sets are just as reliable as 67 markers
                                       in predicting close relationships in 80% of cases.  So far, the
                                       availability of new 67 markers has necessitated the removal of only
                                       two persons below from clades due to a significant increase in genetic
                                       distance found in markers 38-67.

                             Persons sharing some of the same surnames appear in different clades.  Check the
                                                individual results to make sure of the exact person. 
  
The clades below were assembled using primarily 37-marker samples that Fluxus software organized into
clusters.  The overall diagram is not accurate in showing relationships among subgroups and will not be
displayed.  Diagrams of individual clades, however, are available on their specific pages.  I have included below a few
tentative groupings that are based on less than 37 markers but have some distinctive features.  These can be
recognized by the fact that their list of typical marker values is incomplete.


# 1..... G2c.....a mostly Ashkenazi Jewish G clade [September 2007 version]
                a high percentage list northeastern European ancestry

Typical marker values
Marker...393......390.....19....391....385a...385b....426....388....439....389-1...392...389-2....459....YCA...442...438
Value.......13........23......15.....10......13......16.........11......12......11......14........11........32......8,9....20,20....12.....10
                                                                                                                                                   (or 18,20)

In addition, all men so far tested have a null value at marker DYS425.   This finding is not unique to this clade,
but is uncommon.  Once converted to a null value, the value remains so permanently.  Only men with 67 markers
were tested for this marker.  SUBGROUPS:  Subgroups are found within this clade as evidenced by differences
in the slow DYS markers 393, 455, 437, 537 and 594.

37-marker samples included on diagram:
Ader # 2, Arbit, Balanky # 2, Bauer, Bell # 3, Burtnick, Carmel, Cutter, Feldman, Fiol, Fox # 2, Franciscus, Friedman, Frotman, Gaworczyk, Goldson, Goldstein, Hawkins, Henkin, Henoch, Ivins, Kandell, Keilson, Kielja, Korwin, Kronish, Kurtchik, Ladyjensky, Leininger, Levinson, Lisogurski, Luria, Merton, Miller # 9, Morgenstern, Morgentern, Moseley, Moses, Rees, Rhode, Rode, Schimkov, Schreier, Segal, Servian, Simon, Singman, Skwiras, Squires, Sragon, Tuteur, Volinskij, Weintraub, Winston, Wolfson, Wolins, Wolinsky, Zold

Persons who likely belong to this clade but do not have the 37 markers needed to allow confirmation:
Adlin, Amolsky, Arnold, Bakalar, Balanky # 1, Bilstein, Braunstein, Brenner, Bronsky, Chait, Chapkovsky, Chasin, Chemerensky, Dick, Engel, Ettinger, Finkelstein, Ganley, Gluckman, Goldberg, Gross, Grossman, Grundfest, Guberman, Gump, Hagedorn, Hamburger, Hart, Hoffman, Jacobs, Jaffe, Jeff, Joseph, Judkevitch, Kane, Kaplan, Karp, Kennedy, Kishinevsky, Kivel, Kolber, Kramm, Krotenberg, Kukish, Lakritz, Lawson # 1, Lawson # 2, Levenson, Levy, Mayafitt, Meiselman, Motele, Narruhn, Neff, Neumann, Newman # 2, Oberman, Orr, Petry, Popelianski, Ramon, Rittenberg, Rogosin, Rosenberg, Sachs, Saltzman, Schneider, Schulman, Schwartz, Shapera, Shindell, Shrank, Sirmon, Solomon, Stacel, Stavsky, Stern, Strom, Sultan, Sussman, Tokar, Trunk, Tucker, Wasserstrum, Weil, Wenzelberg, White, Wiener, Wlodawer, Wrobel

>>>>Link to Chart segment containing details on this clade


# 2.....G2a3 - U8* - DYS388= 13, the mostly Swiss, English, Welsh
                       clade                 .....[June 2007 version]


GROUP 1

Typical English-Swiss subgroup marker values
Marker...393......390.....19....391....385a...385b....426....388....439....389-1...392...389-2....459....YCA...442...438
Value.......14........22......15....10.......14......14.........11.....13......11........12......11.......29........9,9....20,20....11....10
                                                                                             (or 10)                      

Typical slow marker DYS594=11 subgroup marker values [DYS594 included only in 67-marker samples]
Marker...393......390.....19....391....385a...385b....426....388....439....389-1...392...389-2....459....YCA...442...438
Value.......15........22......15....10.......14......15.........11.....13......11........12......11.......29........9,9....20,20....11....10
                                                             (or 16)                     (or 12)                                                                 (or 11)

Typical marker values for remainder of Group 1
Marker...393......390.....19....391....385a...385b....426....388....439....389-1...392...389-2....459....YCA...442...438
Value........14........22.....15.....10......14.......15.........11.....13.....11.......12.......11......29.........9,9....20,20....11....10
         (or 13, 15)       (or 16)                   (or 14)                     (or 12)                     (or 30)

37-marker samples included on diagram belonging to an English-Swiss subgroup
Bailey, Botteron, Cook, Haesenne, Hauri, Howard, Howery, Jensen, Koch, Lincoln, Manning, Massey, Moore, Navoyski, Nichols, Reber, Ruff, Steeley, Swanstrom, Walker, Wetzel

37-marker samples included on diagram belonging to a subgroup with slow marker DYS594= 11
Bird, Crow, Crowe, Griffin, Haney, Howard, Jones, Lewis, Mangum, Rippy, Roderick, Rytherich, Smith, Thomas, Walter,Wigington, Williams, Wygenton

These two subgroups share a common ancestor within about 1,500 years with the following remainder of the group:
37-marker samples included on diagram belonging to rest of Group I  
Adkins, Alford, Asbell, Beery, Beyerle, Bieri, Booher, Brace, Bullock, Burton, Calbreath, Carroll, Cisketti, Clair, Conley, Cook, Cooper, Corban, Cortinas, Culbreath, Delichte, Delong, Desmond, Devenyns, Diemon, Dillman, Eddy, Elliott, French, Fritsche, Garbutt, Gherardi, Goff, Gonzalez, Gordon, Greever, Griffith, Hamman, Hammonds, Hampshire, Hauser, Havener, Hegi, Hegie, Hines, Jackson, Jarvis, Jones, Kincaid, King, Knowles, Kung, Krider, Kurtz, Mannshardt, Merrell, Merrill,  Mills, Morrow, Mulkey, Nyman, Paul, Phelps, Platt, Plummer, Robbins, Robinson, Rogers, Rose, Rufener, Scholderer, Schroll, Shannon, Sholder, Short, Smith, Smithers, Souders, Sparkman, Steck, Stillman, Stewart, Stuart, Stugart, Tank, Taylor, Timmon, Trammel, Van Hemert, Vencl, Vesinat, Vizenor, Walker,  Watson, Wenzel, Wiley, Williams, Wilson (2), Wood, Wright

>>>Link to Chart segment containing details on Engl.-Swiss subgroup
>>>Link to Chart segment containing details on DYS594=11 subgroup
>>>Link to Chart segment containing details on rest of Group 1

GROUP 2

This group 2 does not have Swiss and Welsh members.  A few may actually belong to Group 1 as
there are a few overlapping areas.

Typical English-French subgroup marker values
Marker...393......390.....19....391....385a...385b....426....388....439....389-1...392...389-2....459....YCA...442...438
Value.......14........22......16....11.......14......15.........11.....13......11........12......11.......30........9,9....20,20....11....10
                                                   (or 15)                               (or 12) 
 
Typical Anglo subgroup marker values
Marker...393......390.....19....391....385a...385b....426....388....439....389-1...392...389-2....459....YCA...442...438
Value......14........22.......15.....10.....13........14........11......13.....11........12......11......30.........9,9....20,20.....11.....10
                                                  (or 14)                                                                (or 29)
   
Typical marker values for rest of Group 2
Marker...393......390.....19....391....385a...385b....426....388....439....389-1...392...389-2....459....YCA...442...438
Value.......14........22......15....10.......14......14.........11.....13......11........12......11.......30........9,9....20,20....11....10
                                                             (or 15)                                                      (or 29) 

Because this group is being revised, the info on typical marker values for those not in the three above subgroups is
not yet available.

37-marker samples included on diagram belonging to an English-French subgroup
Bailey, Bayles, Bayless, Bryant, Carter, Renibe, Ridley

37-marker samples included on diagram belonging to an all Anglo subgroup
Harden, Roper, Terry, Wilde

These two subgroups more likely share a common ancestor with the following remainder of Group 2 than with Group 1:
37-marker samples included on diagram belonging to rest of Group 2  
Canter, Cantor, Case, Coleman, Cope, Erlandson, Frantz, Gaz, George, Gilbert, Gray, Green, Griggs, Guenther, Hamilton, Hebel, Hibl, Hicks, Hildreth, Huebel, Hughes, Joslin,  Kaye, Key, Ladnier, Lannin, Lanning, Lawrence, Merck, Mikalson, Moore, Morrow, Nichols, Plunkett, Poetgens, Price, Quinn, Roeloffzen, Schiefelin, Skipper, Stacey, Stacy, Stewart, Stirling, Stover, Tatum, Timbs, Van Raepenbusch

>>>Link to Chart segment containing details on Engl.-French subgroup
>>>Link to Chart segment containing details on Anglo subgroup
>>>Link to Chart segment containing details on rest of Group 2

OTHERS WITH INSUFFICIENT MARKERS NEEDED TO CLASSIFY
Persons who likely belong to this overall clade but do not have the 37 markers needed to allow confirmation:
Armijo, Arnot, Atencio, Ayers, Baker, Barrett, Barton, Bassett, Beard, Becker, Beetz, Belk, Benard, Bendixen, Beougher, Bidinger, Black, Blair, Blaney, Blizzard, Bond, Boribon, Boxberger, Boyce, Bradford, Brentt, Brooks, Brown, Bucher, Buenzli, Bullock, Burnet, Campbell, Carne, Carnieletto, Cashman, Clement, Coffman, Coonce, Coons, Copeland, Corder, Cordey, Couch, Cowan, Cresswell, Croute, Crowder, Daniel, DaPonte, Davis, Deisher, Distler, Dolara, Doughty, Drury, Dubs, Ell, Ervin, Evans, Everett, Ferrara, Ferrie, Ferriss, Fetters, Fink, Flanders, Flick, Fortner, Friberg, Frohock, Gabrijan, Gahm, Garber (2), Garvin, Gessati, Gilbert, Gordon, Granville, Griffith, Griggs, Grimes, Griott, Grundwig, Guinn, Gunnarson, Gunnell, Hammond, Hansen, Hardaway, Harden, Harper, Hayes, Henke, Hepner, Herman, Hilts, Hinkle, Hoen, Hollinger, Hooser, Hoppe, Horsey, Hosey, Howchyns, Huels, Hutton, Hunter, Husic, Ingrao, Insana, Jacobsz,  Jaramillo, John, Johnson, Juul-Moeller, Kayser, Keasler, Kedenburg, Kerstetter, Kessler, King, Kirschenmann, Kiser, Kite, Kjeldsen, Knop, Koch, Kot, Kruger, Kutch, Kuzyk, Lageer, Langford, Latsha, Latshaw, Leiter, Letsch, Leu, Lewis, Livingston, Lloyd, Lough, Macesic, Macesich, Mason, Maul, McGimsey, McQuate, Medeiros, Menges, Michelon, Micheloni, Miller, Moellmer, Moravec, Morgan (2), Morris, Morriss, Mountjoy, Myers, Naundorf, Naylor, Necessary, Norton, Ogg, O'Keefe, Olive, Olivera, O'Shea, Osterwald-Lenum, Parsons, Pasak, Peatross, Pelucchi, Perch, Perez, Perrodin, Personette, Petty, Pever, Phalen, Phelan, Phelps, Phieler, Pocklington, Politis, Porta, Pratts, Prickett, Purdon, Pyrcz, Rainwater, Reeves, Reich, Rey, Reynolds (2), Rhea, Rich, Riediger, Risner, Rogers, Romero, Roper, Rosado, Rutt, Ryves, Schmidt, Schwab, Seabaugh, Sedon, Sensabaugh, Shearer, Sheriff, Shields, Shoemaker, Smith, Smolenak, Snoek, Snook, Snuggs, Son, Spiller, Stacy, Staley, Stamp, Steffy, Stevens, Stobbe, Stockton, Strohm, Stucchi, Sunseri, Switzer, Sylvester, Tabain, Tarin-Segura, Taylor (2), Thomas, Thups, Tink, Tobler, Toft, Torres, Townsend, Trometer, Tuft, Unsicker, Valastro, Vance, Van Hamme, Villescas, Wackes, Wagner, Walker, Waller, Walsh, Wamsley, Webb, Webber, Weed, Whitmore, Whittington, Williams, Wolfe, Wyatt, Wynkoop, Zickgraf

>>>Link to section containing details on those with insufficient  
         markers to classify as Group 1 or Group 2


# 3..... G2a (known not G2a1 or G2a2)  a clade found across northern
                       Europe to Eurasia             .....[May 2007 version]

Typical marker values
Marker...393......390.....19....391....385a...385b....426....388....439....389-1...392...389-2....459....YCA...442...438
Value.......14........23......15.....10.......13.......14.......11.....12......11.......12........11......29........9,9....20,20....11....10
                                                                                                                                (or 30)
                                                                   
37-marker samples included on diagram:
Butler, Golde, Gould, Hill

Persons who may belong to this clade but do not have the 37 markers needed to allow confirmation:
Lackner, Martinez, McClure, Roeder

>>>>Link to Chart segment containing details on this clade


# 4.....G2a3 - U8*  a  mostly England & possibly Italian clade  
                         .....[September 2007 version]

Typical northern England marker values
Marker...393......390.....19....391....385a...385b....426....388....439....389-1...392...389-2....459....YCA...442...438
Value.......14........22......15.....10.......14.......14.......11.....12......12.......12........11......29........9,9....20,20....11....10
                                  (or 16)                     (or 15)                                                                       (or 20,21)
                                      

Typical southern England marker values
Marker...393......390.....19....391....385a...385b....426....388....439....389-1...392...389-2....459....YCA...442...438
Value.......14........22......15.....10.......13.......14.......11.....12......12.......12........11......29........9,9....20,20....12....10
                                (or 14)         (or 14)                                   (13)                                            (or 20,21)

This clade has many similarities to the G2a - DYS388=13 clade with the major exception that DYS388=12.
So this clade may share a common ancestor with clade # 2 which has the 13 value.  Probably after the
split with clade # 2, this clade (# 4) split with another closely related clade, clade # 7.  Clade # 7's ancestor
seems to have developed a 16 value at marker 385b which distinguishes it from clade # 4.< BR>
SUBGROUPS:  A possible subgroup within clade # 4 is characterized by differences found in the
slow DYS marker 395S1a.

37-marker samples included on diagram:
Bancks, Banks, Depetrillo, Kimball, Powers, Pritchett, Raines, Reynolds, Rushton, Stearns, Weir

Persons who may belong to this clade but do not have the 37 markers needed to allow confirmation:
Guinn, Ippolito, Kimbrel, Lanzkron, Matthews, Miserandino, Napoli, Polito, Rainey, Trammell

>>>>Link to Chart segment containing details on this clade



# 5.....  a small, diverse G2a clade, not G2a1 or G2a2
                               [June 2007 version]

Typical marker values
Marker...393......390.....19....391....385a...385b....426....388.....439....389-1...392...389-2....459....YCA...442...438
Value........14.......21......15......10......13........15.......11.....12.......12.......12........11........30......9,9....19,20....12.....10
                                          (or 11)            (or 16) (or 12)        (or 11)                       (or 29)(or 10,10)
         
                                                                                                     
37-marker samples included on diagram: 
Caballero, Dankowych, Freeman, Johnston

Persons who may belong to this clade but do not have the 37 markers needed to allow confirmation:  
Avesani, Edmonds, Fox # 1, Kimberling, Lombardo, Quintana, Seigfried, Swatsenbarg

>>>>Link to Chart segment containing details on this clade


# 6..... G2a1  .....a group common among Ossetians and Kabardinians
                                               [May 2007 version]

Typical marker values
Marker...393......390.....19....391....385a...385b....426....388....439....389-1...392...389-2....459....YCA...442...438
Value.......14........23......15.....9.......15.......17........11......12......11........11 ......10.......28........9,9...19,21.....13.......9                                           
                               (or 16)(or 11)          (or 16)
                                                                           

37-marker samples included: 
Stalin

>>>> Link to page containing details on this clade


# 7..... G2a3 - U8* a predominantly Ashkenazi Jewish clade of central
                           and northeastern Europe  .....[September 2007 version]

Typical marker values
Marker...393......390.....19....391....385a...385b....426....388....439....389-1...392...389-2....459....YCA...442...438
Value.......13........22......15.....10......12.......16........11......12.......11.......12.......11......29.......9,9.....20,21...11.....10
                                                       (or 11
                                                        or 13)             

Because DYS385 values of 12,16 and 13,16 are sometimes seen outside this clade, the YCA
values of 20,21 are also important in distinguishing who belongs to this clade.
SUBGROUPS:  A probable subgroup within this clade is identified based on values for slow
markers DYS437.

It seems that this clade's ancestor developed a 16 value at markers DYS385b that distinguishes
this clade from its nearest neighbors, clades # 2 and 4.   This clade # 7 may share a common ancestor
with clade # 4 that other clades lack.  However, the same cannot be said of clade # 2 and
clade # 7 because clade # 2 developed a 13 value at slow marker 388 which almost all
G persons otherwise lack.

37-marker samples included on diagram:
Beshert, Dumes, Dumesh, Feinstein, Goldstein, Klein, Newman, Pavlischak, Polonovski, Rein, Shanas, Toren

Persons who may belong to this clade but do not have the 37 markers needed to allow confirmation:
Ader, Arenson, Bandarovsky, Bograchev, Epstein, Farkas, Friedman, Genovich, Goldstone, Gonda, Harris, Kossman, Novosedz, Osherowitz, Polonovsky, Rothman-Calvert, Spiegel, Tracy, Wetcher

>>>>Link to Chart segment containing details on this clade


# 8..... G2a - a clade with an unusual 15 + 17 value at marker DYS19 
                            .....[May 2007 version]

Typical German marker values
Marker...393......390.....19....391....385a...385b....426....388....439....389-1...392...389-2....459....YCA...442...438
Value...... 14........22...15+17..10.......13......15......11.......12......13.......13........11........31......9,9.....20,21...11....10

Typical Italian marker values
Marker...393......390.....19....391....385a...385b....426....388....439....389-1...392...389-2....459....YCA...442...438
Value...... 14........22...15+17..10.......13......14......11.......12......13.......13........11........29......9,10....20,20...11....10

37-marker samples included on diagram:
Kline, Ricchiazzi

Persons who may belong to this clade but do not have the 37 markers needed to allow confirmation:  
Cline, Harbinson, Harbison, Ikerd, Nedrow

>>>>Link to Chart segment containing details on this clade


# 9..... G2a3 and U8+ U13+ ....an English ancestry clade
                            .....[May 2007 version]

Typical marker values
Marker...393......390.....19....391....385a...385b....426....388....439....389-1...392...389-2....459....YCA...442...438
Value....... 13.......22......15.....10......12......15........11.......12......12......12.......10.......29........9,9.....19,20....11....11    

37-marker samples included on diagram:
Barton, Bentley, Dell

Persons who may belong to this clade but do not have the 37 markers needed to allow confirmation:  
Austin, Sargent      
          
See also clades # 14 and 16 for additional U13+ persons
                                                                                 
>>>>Link to Chart segment containing details on this clade


# 10.....G2c....Pakistani group [May 2007 version]

Typical marker values
Marker...393......390.....19....391....385a...385b....426....388....439....389-1...392...389-2....459....YCA...442...438
Value.......13........23......17.....10.......................................12.....11.........13......14.......30
                                             (or 11)

The DYS19 value of 17 for G persons is unusally high in this group, though not unique to this group.
There are only 2 samples of these men available here from Sengupta's 2005 Indian study -- though
these samples consist of a Burusha man from northern Pakistan and a Pathan man from southern Pakistan
These are the only known men in published studies found to be G2c.

Because there are no 37-marker samples available, this clade will not be found on the master diagram
and no additional comments can be made.  The terminology used for the 389 markers in Sengupta does
not match other labs, and the above values are the best interpretation available.

This sample cannot be reliably compared to YHRD database entries because of the lack of several markers here.
The abbreviated set of markers, using 11 for DYS 391 does match a Pathan man in Pakistan and a
Malaysian -- among others.  That Pathan man may be the same as in Sengupta's study.


# 11..... deleted

# 12.....G2a - undetermined type, a group common in central Portugal 
                                     .....[May 2007 version]

Typical marker values
Marker...393......390.....19....391....385a...385b....426....388....439....389-1...392...389-2....459....YCA...442...438
Value......14.........21......16.....10.......13..................11......12.................12.......11......29

There are multiple men in the YHRD database with these values, indicating they form a clade.
However, no detailed sample is available.


# 13.....G2a - undetermined type, a clade seemingly restricted to recent  origin in British Isles      .....[May 2007 version]

Typical marker values
Marker...393......390.....19....391....385a...385b....426....388....439....389-1...392...389-2....459....YCA...442...438
Value......14.........22......15.....11.......15......15.......11.......12......13.......12.......11......29........9,9.....20,21....12....10      
         
37-marker samples included on diagram:
Brown, Dees, Hicks

Persons who may belong to this clade but do not have the 37 markers needed to allow confirmation:  
Hicks

>>>>Link to Chart segment containing details on this clade


# 14..... G2a3 and U8+ U13+ ... an unusually Germanic clade 
                                     .....[May 2007 version]

Typical marker values
Marker...393......390.....19....391....385a...385b....426....388....439....389-1...392...389-2....459....YCA...442...438
Value......14.........22......15.....10.......12......14.......11.......12......12.......12.......11......29........9,9.....19/20....12....10      
         (or 13)                                 (or 13)                               (or 13)                                                        (or 11)

37-marker samples included on diagram:
Albright, Andrews, Archibeque, Barbetz, Baumgardner, Beiler, Beno, Berkman, Beyeler, Birch, Bischoff, Boiler, Bopp, Brabec, Brookman, Byler, Christy, Frederick, Friedrich, Griego, Hagen, Hall, Heinserling, Hencerling, Hensarling, Hill, Hoffman, Hopkins, Keeslar, L'Archeveque, Maynor, Mourad Pereira, Nieto, Rainey, Raser, Regna, Reitter, Ritter, Rummler, Schueler, Sipp, Spadafora, Stabley, Stover, Tims, Vaillant, Veneziano, Vorster, Young

Persons who may belong to this clade but do not have the 37 markers needed to allow confirmation:  
Barela, Beistel, Bergmann, Bricker, Bridenbecker, Crowell, Dobson, Eckard, Eckhardt, Foster, Gay, Hartman, Horton, Hubert, Johnson, Kasnick, Lafon, Nead, Petro, Phibbs, Schaller, Seiders, Spatola, Spencer, Unrine, Van Ert, Viri, Wirtz

See also clades # 9 and 16 for additional U13+ persons

SUBGROUPS:  In addition to three geographical divisions seemingly displayed by differences in some
faster-mutating markers, there are two small subgroups who have differences in slow markers,
DYS395S1a and DYS449.

>>>>Link to Chart segment containing details on this clade


# 15..... G2a (G2a1?).....a mostly Spanish and Italian clade  
               found also in Caucasus Mtns......[August 2007 version]

Typical marker values
Marker...393......390.....19....391....385a...385b....426....388.....439....389-1...392...389-2....459....YCA...442...438
Value......14.........22......15.....10.......15.......15.......11......12.......11.......12.......10......29........9,9....13/21....11....10      
         (or 13)                                (or 16 )(or 16 )          (or 13)(or 12)                     (or 28)          (or 20/21)
                                                               (or 17 )

Though one man in this group found not to be G2a1, distinctive marker values indicate they might
be G2a1 persons who have lost the SNP that defines G2a1, which is the case half the time.  Although some Caucasus
samples are included with this clade, availability of more detailed marker sets may indicate they are instead
closer to group # 6 above

37-marker samples included on diagram: 
Alvarez, Filippelli, Gonzalez, Phillips

Persons who may belong to this clade but do not have the 37 markers needed to allow confirmation:  
Abir, Acker, Ben-Abir, Berkhoff, Cabaliero, Cavaliero, Erpel, German, Garcia, Gioli, Marino, Meli, Spatafore, Vargas

>>>>Link to Chart segment containing details on this clade


# 16.....  a (?)G2a3 and U8+ U13+ clade from Italy and England
                                     .....[June 2007 version]

Typical marker values
Marker...393......390.....19....391....385a...385b....426....388.....439....389-1...392...389-2....459....YCA...442...438
Value.......14........22......15.....10.......12......14.......11.......12......13.......12.......11......29........8,9.....19,20....11....10
                                                                                                                                          (or 9,9)
37-marker samples included on diagram: 
Lees, Stone, Willis

Persons who may belong to this clade but do not have the 37 markers needed to allow confirmation:  
Beistel, Peloni, Spencer

>>>>Link to Chart segment containing details on this clade


# 17.....  a  probable G2a3 and U8+ clade
                      from Spain .....[June 2007 version]

Typical marker values
Marker...393......390.....19....391....385a...385b....426....388.....439....389-1...392...389-2....459....YCA...442...438
Value.......14........22......15.......7.......14.......15.......11......13.......11.......12.......11.......29.......9,9.....20,20....11....10
                                                                                                                                (or 28)                       (or 12)
37-marker samples included on diagram: 
Lucero, Martinez, Romero, Serna

>>>>Link to Chart segment containing details on this clade


# 18.....  a G [type unknown] clade found from northwestern 
                     to northeastern Europe & Iraq.....[July 2007 version]

Typical marker values
Marker...393......390.....19....391....385a...385b....426....388.....439....389-1...392...389-2....459....YCA...442...438
Value.......13........22......17.....10.......14.......14.......11......12.......11.......12.......11.......29.......9,9.....20,20....10....10
                                (or 16)                                                                                                                         (or 9 )
                                                                                                     
37-marker samples included on diagram: 
Doerksen, Kanter, Martin, Orol, Toma

Persons who may belong to this clade but do not have the 37 markers needed to allow confirmation:  
Ellis, McLaughlin

>>>>Link to Chart segment containing details on this clade


# 19.....  a G2a3 - U8* clade of northeastern and southwestern
                  Europe  .....[June 2007 version]

Typical marker values
Marker...393......390.....19....391....385a...385b....426....388.....439....389-1...392...389-2....459....YCA...442...438
Value....... 14........21.....15.....10........13.......14......11......12.......11.......12........11.......29......8,9.....19,20...11.....10
           (or 13)  (or 22                                                                                    (or 12)                                 (or 12)
                         or 23)                            
                                                                                                     
37-marker samples included on diagram: 
Adler, Cano, Devries, Lamm, Loccisano, Nicolo, Ortiz

Persons who may belong to this clade but do not have the 37 markers needed to allow confirmation:  
Adami, Alster, Freire, Labriola, Lanzkron, Obermayer, Pinelli, Sorbara

>>>>Link to Chart segment containing details on this clade


# 20.....  an Anglo-Hispanic G2a [type unknown] clade
                               .....[June 2007 version]

Typical marker values
Marker...393......390.....19....391....385a...385b....426....388.....439....389-1...392...389-2....459....YCA...442...438
Value........14.......21......15......10......14........14.......11.....12.......11.......14........11........30......9,9....19,20....12.....10
           (or 13)                              (or 13)                                           (or 15)              (or 31)         (or 20,20)
                                                                                                     
37-marker samples included on diagram: 
Couch, Gerena, Perez, Rivera, Turner

Persons who may belong to this clade but do not have the 37 markers needed to allow confirmation:  
None

>>>>Link to Chart segment containing details on this clade


# 21.....  a G group in Turkey...and perhaps elsewhere   [July 2007 version]

Typical marker values
Marker...393......390.....19....391....385a...385b....426....388.....439....389-1...392...389-2....459....YCA...442...438
Value........15........21.....15......10............................11......12.......11.......12.......11........28             

These are three samples in the Cinnioglu study of Turkey -- all from different parts of  Turkey.   The two values in
italics are only presumed ones.   

There is one matching, short sample in the YHRD database from northern Portugal, and the sample for Kihm
(German or Swiss) and da Cunha (Portuguese) in the Sorenson database also match these markers above. 
However, more complete marker samples are needed to determine whether these all belong to the same clade.                        


# 22.....  G1a ....a group of men in Turkey & Iran  [August 2007 version]

Typical marker values
Marker...393......390.....19....391....385a...385b....426....388....439....389-1...392...389-2....459....YCA...442...438
Value....... 13........23.....15.....10.......15........16......11......12......13........13......12.......30
                       (or 24) (or 16) (or12)                                      (or 12)
                                   (or 14)

The values above are a composite of a single Iranian sample and alsofour men found in a single region of
Turkey in a study by Cinnioglu et. al. regarding Anatolia.  Family Tree DNA has challenged the reliability of the
P20 SNP marker in identifying all persons in the G1a category.  

Not enough markers or samples are available to identify specific clades.

Persons who belong to this group:
Notghi  M65UD in Y-Search.  N55053 in G Project.  Confirmed as G1a by the lab.  Lists Iranian origins.


# 23..... G1 ....a seemingly Jewish clade of
                           northeastern Europe   [July 2007 version]

Typical marker values
Marker...393......390.....19....391....385a...385b....426....388....439....389-1...392...389-2....459....YCA...442...438
Value.......14.........23.....14.....10........14.......15......11......12......11.........12......12.......28......9,9....20,20.....11....10
          (or 13)        (or 15)                                                                                                                      (or 12)
                              
37-marker samples included on diagram: 
Dewinsky, Feinberg, Schuster

Persons who may belong to this clade but do not have the 37 markers needed to allow confirmation:
Forman, Gurfinkel, Kaplan, Krulwich, Lieberman, Pleeter, Private, Singer, Smith, Weinberg

>>>> Link to page containing details on this clade


# 24.....  G2a [type undetermined] Kalash people of northern
                                 Pakistan [August 2007 version]

Typical marker values
Marker...393......390.....19....391....385a...385b....426....388....439....389-1...392...389-2....459....YCA...442...438
Value........14.......23......16.....10..............................11.....12.......11........13......11.......30.....
                                (or 17)

The italicized DYS426 value is only presumed.

The above values obtained from 4 similar haplotypes in the Sengupta study (see bibliography).
The authors have unusual designations for the 389 markers, and the values shown are the best
interpretation of them available. 

Antunes  VY284 a sample in Y-Search from Portugal and Nemo YFWHN in Y-search (unk. origins)
both exactly match the above marker values, but  there are not enough markers available above to determine 
whether this is only coincidental or not.  Nemo and Antunes only match each other 8 of 12 markers.                                 


# 25.....  G2a [type undetermined] High Caste Dravidian
                      persons of South India  [November 2007 version]

Typical marker values
Marker...393......390.....19....391....385a...385b....426....388....439....389-1...392...389-2....459....YCA...442...438
Value........15.......22......15.....10..............................11.....12..................12......11.......28.....
           (or 16)

The italicized DYS426 value is only presumed.

The above values obtained from 7 similar haplotypes in the Sengupta study (see bibliography).
The authors have unusual designations for the 389 markers, and the values shown are the best
interpretation of them available.                                    

# 26.....  G2a [type undetermined] the most common Egyptian
                 G group [November 2007 version]

Typical marker values
Marker...393......390.....19....391....385a...385b....426....388....439....389-1...392...389-2....459....YCA...442...438
Value........15.......22......15.....10..............................11.....12......12........13......11.......30.....
                                                                                               (or 11
                                                                                                or 13)
           
The italicized DYS426 value is only presumed.

The above values obtained from 7 very similar haplotypes in the Luis study (see bibliography). 
collected at Tanta, Egypt.                                


G persons who do not presently belong to any obvious clade.
                                                                                 
>>>> Link to page containing information on these persons

 Some of these men below have atypical values in some very slow markers ...OR... have a rare value for moderate-mutating markers -- as shown at the top of the list:

Those with a value of 14 for marker DYS388.
Bellini, Cavo, Cloutier. Katajainen

Those with a value of 15 for marker DYS388.
Moulton

Those with a value of 20 for marker DYS390.
Lien

Those with a value of 9 for marker DYS391.
 Lyon, Skidmore [has a 2nd oddity below]

Those with a value of 13 for marker DYS392.
Grishchenko, Savage

Those with a value of 11 for marker DYS393.
Schiro

Those with a value of 12 for marker DYS393.
Paiva, Singh, Stivadoros

Those with a value of 16 for marker DYS393.
Davis # 3

Those with a value of 13 for marker DYS454.
Skidmore

The remainder who do not have any marker oddities:
 Abdulkarim, Acevedo, Acker, Ackert, Adam, Adopted, Ahumada, Alhadeff, Ali, Al Quraishi, Al Shareif, Al-Hussaini, Allen, Amaya, Anusic, Arslan, Arslanian, Asseily, Atha, Athan, Athey, August, Baca, Bachman, Bader, Ball, Baltobekov, Banks, Barbosa, Barchechath, Barracha, Barrera, Batot, Bautz, Belcastro, Bendeck, Benedict, Bennett (2), Berardi, Berkley, Bernardi, Best, Bettis, Billet, Bjerregaard, Blount, Blunt, Bocanegra, Bohn, Bolinaga, Boni, Bonnano, Boone, Boutz, Bowman, Bray, Brown, Buchler, Burns, Cali, Callaway, Callec, Campagna, Canales, Carcamo, Cardenas, Cardullo, Carpenter, Castaldo. Ceasar, Charles, Chenet, Chenette, Cherry, Chesky, Chugtai, Cigliano, Clemens, Coats, Cohen, Colicino, Comello, Conaway, Confoey, Cooper, Correll, Cortez Vega, Creamer, Crumley, Csurar, Curtis, Cutro, Darton, Daughtrey, De Azevedo, De Gallego, Degon, De Leon, Del Moor, Demarco, Denney, Dietl, DiGiovanni, Diniz, DiPalma, DiStefano, Doick, Dover, Dupuy, Eckert, Eisenhart, Elias, Epstein, Erbter, Erciyes, Espilemann, Ewing, Fallavolita, Farhi, Fathi, Fazzio, Fernandez, Fluegge, Fournier, French, Gallegos, Galloni, Galotsis, Gardner, Garth, Gems, Gerena, Gevirtzman, Gifford. Gill, Gillespie, Gino, Girden, Gittess, Golden, Gomez, Goossens, Gopinathan, Gouvea, Grant, Gray, Greffard, Grider, Gross, Gruppo, Guariglia, Guerinet, Gursel, Gutierrez, Hahn, Hakim, Halteh, Hamilton, Hanit, Harbison, Harper, Hart, Hartman, Hauser, Havre, Hawes, Helcz, Henrichsen, Henriksen, Herres, Herzbrun, Hey, Hezerkhani, Hollenback, Honore, Hosick, Housman, Hutchison, Hyatt, Icgoren, Icken, Ieradi, Iradi, Iyer, Jeddeloh, Jiron, Johnson (2), Jones (2), Julio, Kalimnakis, Kapletia, Karavlan, Kaufmann, Keiffer, Keuning, Kisa, Kletskin, Kniefel, Knight, Koch, Kossayian, Kraus, Kurdi, Kurer, Labuz La Grow, Lang, Larsen, Lastras, Latal, Lazzaro, Leal, Lee, Leiter, Lepp, Lindsay, Lippe, Lobasso, Loeppky, Longo, Machado, Mallett, Manigault, Mantz, Maranas, Marcelo, Margolis, Marin, Martin, Martinez, Martz, Mas, Mason, Maughmer, Mayes, May, Mayo, Mays, Mazzuco, McCauley, McCulley, McCully, McGuire, McKay, Md Ibrahim, Mento, Meznarjev, Miller, Mills, Minotta, Mintrom, Mock, Moody, Morales, Morgan, Mortensen, Mozesson, Mueller, Muniz, Nadsady, Name withheld [Jordanian], Naugle, Negretti, Neves, Niclassen, Oleinik, Oliveira, Olmi, Orosco, Osborn, Owens, Padfield, Palazzolo, Panetier, Pankey, Papazoglu, Parsons, Perez, Peries, Perkins, Peyton, Pine, Pizzichemi, Poelman, Poggi, Pollock, Pool, Poole, Posey, Potteiger, Powell, Powles, Prevalsky, Prince, Prusa, Raab, Ray, Reams, Reed, Rehm, Reimer, Remer, Remor, Rhodenbaugh, Ribble, Rice, Rickenbrode, Rigoli, Rivera, Roberts (2), Rodriguez (2), Roos, Rose, Rothstein, Rott, Rova, Rueckert, Rutstein, Sahota, Salazar, Salume, Sauelson, Sanders, Santangelo, Sathaye, Sbordoni, Schaber, Schintz, Schoebi, Schumacher, Sebastian, Sebestyen, Sedlak, Seigfried, Selva, Shani, Shaver, Shear, Sheire, Shelhart, Showalter, Sides, Sitki, Sivera, Sloan, Smith (2), Sonbol, Sottile, Soward, Sower, Sowers, Spielman, Starke, Starns, Sein, Solc, Solinski, Stepp, Stockton, Swank, Swigert, Swinfield, Taranto, Thiel, Thompson, Thurlow, Towheed, Turco, Tydswall, Ullom, Ventura, Verhoeven, Vicari, Vick, Vidmar, Voegele, Walker, Wandell, Ward, Warner, Watling, Watson, Wehner, Wells, Wentzel, Werner, Weyand, Whitfield, Whiting, Wiegand, Witt, Woods, Wright, Xenos, Zaleski, Zanotti, Zanotto, zu Jeddeloh