Haplogroup G Project
                              DNA Results and Groupings

                                                                            G2a3a1 group

When approximately it was that the G2a3a1 group came into existence is unclear at present due to
the scarcity of confirmed members.   For information on what is known of the origins of G2a3a
and migrations and time  relationships to other G groupings link to the migration-time page .

The mutation that characterizes G2a3a is found in about 5% of the population of Turkey, but the distribution
of G2a3a1 is presently unclear. 

We have used special DNA software (Fluxus) to produce phylogenetic diagrams using 67-marker samples. 
Using 67 markers, these diagrams, which give extra weight to the slower-mutating markers, have been relatively
successful in showing correct relationships. This diagram shows one man known to have the mutation of
G2a3a1 on a separate branch within G2a3a persons.  The individuals with close positions on this diagram
to this known G2a3a1 man are included on this page, but additional testing will be needed to confirm that they
also have the mutation that characterizes G2a3a1.  The Levonian sample is similarly distant from other M406+
persons.  Presently the ability to predict which M406+ person will also be positive for the mutation that
characterizes the men here is rather limited.

Persons who are G2a3a1 are confirmed as such by special SNP testing.  Persons who are G will all be
positive for the M201 SNP.  In addition, those positive for P287 are G2, and those also positive for P15 are G2a.
The P287 SNP is a rather recently identified SNP, and most of our samples were not tested for it.  However,
anyone who is P15+ will necessarily be P287+.   There are two further tests to bring the subcategorization
down to G2a3a.  First, the men here will be positive for U8 or S126 or L30 (G2a3).  Only a few men have been found
positive for this because it just recently became available in commercial labs.  Finally, the men here will be
M406+. This is the SNP specific for G2a3a.  Anyone who is M406+  will necessarily be positive for all the
other SNPs mentioned above.  A subcategory of G2a3a which is G2a3a1 is characterized by the presence
of the U16 or L14 or S130 or S133 mutation.  Though these latter tests are given different names by
different labs, these probably represent the same mutation.  

The YHRD database mentioned below is a public database of samples collected from around the world
as submitted by scientists. The value in one sample listed in italics was not found during testing, but is the same
in 100% of G persons tested so far.

Recommended additional deep ancestry testing for men here with the interest and funds for this:

Because there is such a diversity of samples within the overall M406+ group, upgrades to Family Tree DNA's 67
markers are always very useful in determining proper relationships and for time calculations to common ancestors.
In many cases having 67 markers available may be as useful as having SNP testing because M406+ men cluster on a
distinct separate branch in the phylogenetic network diagram.   For deep ancestry purposes, only one person within a
surname project needs the full 67 markers. Additional testing within surname projects might be indicated for more recent
comparisons. 

At Family Tree DNA for those tested there, in the haplotree section of a G2a3a person's results page is listed 
also a deep clade SNP test to order.  For many persons on this page having more than 12 markers, this testing
is not really needed to confirm the G2a3a status.  Those with DYS390=21 seem more safely M406+, as are those
with 25 or more markers who are very close in marker values to someone confirmed M406+. 

However, the deep clade testing is essential to identify which persons belong to the additional subgroup here -- G2a3a1
-- (characterized by being positive for L14).  We currently cannot predict who will or will not be L14+.  Only a few persons
so far have tested for L14.  Men seemingly most closely related to men confimed L14+ are listed below, but there is
no guarantee they are properly classified until L14 testing is done.   L14 only recently became available.  In situations where
a person was previously found M406+, the deep clade section  on the results page will now offer an "extended" deep clade
test consisting only of L14.

                                                        * An asterick behind a sample indicates that the person is only predicted part of this group and
                                                            lacks sufficient markers to confirm it.  Exceptions made for relatives of a confirmed member.
                                                            Being part of this grouping is not the same as having been proven by SNP testing as having
                                                            the mutation that characterizes G2a3a1.

Haplogroup SNP Testing Codes
            negative test results irrelevant to this line of G categories omitted
X - not tested 
? - unclear what testing was or was not done
GENL - tested only for M201, the SNP that characterizes plain G
PART - was found M201+ (G) and P15+ (G2a) but not tested further for subgroups pertinent to the men on this page.
LOTS - was found was found M201+ (G) ...AND... P15+ (G2a) ..AND...M406+ (G2a3a)
                      not tested for U8 or S126 or L30 (G2a3)
                      not tested for U16 or L14 or S130+or S133 (G2a3a1)
FULL - was found was found M201+ (G) ...AND... P15+ (G2a) 
                     and found U8+ or S126+ or L30+ (G2a3)
                     also found M406+ (G2a3a)....
                     also found  U16+ or L14+ or S130+ or S133+ (G2a3a1)

Link to Haplogroup G Tree Structure