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The deduced information here is
primarily from the YHRD
database — except
as noted. Caution must be observed in interpreting this information because it
is not known what criteria the contributors used in
selecting test subjects for YHRD. It is unlikely that
any sample set meets criteria for a truly random selection of
persons in that area.
Use the link above for information on the branching
of G clusters and marker anomalies that characterize various
clusters. Reference will be made in the descriptions below to a
U8* cluster. This refers to the most typical G values in a
geographical belt from Ireland to Switzerland where marker
values are dominated by DYS388= 13. These
U8* persons comprise the most common samples available in
the commercial labs, and the likely percentage of this U8*
type in each country will thus be mentioned below. Knowing this U8* percentage
may be helpful in determining the origins of
these DYS388=
13,
U8* persons. The U8* is a temporary designation
representing a
new
SNP
mutation found by Garvey
et al. in late 2006. It will perhaps be used to designate as a new
G2a subcategory, G2a3*, but this is not certain depending on whose discoveries are officially
added to the categories first. When reference is
made below to the U8* cluster, these are specifically the
DYS388=
13 persons.
The Caucasus
Mountains (11 to 74 percent
G)
The
locations in the Caucasus Mountains as represented in the YHRD
database have the following G information. [These are basically the
same persons in the Nasidze article so their haplogroups have been
determined by SNP testing]
Northwest of the Caucasus:
>Kabardinian people , S. W. Russia, northwestern Caucasus. Known to be
29 % G. About half of the 17 men have unusual DYS 385 values
of 13,14. This profile also dominates in the western portion of the
old Soviet Union. Several persons also are likely in the U8*
cluster.
>Ingushian people --
near
to the Kabardinians in northwestern Caucasus.
Known to be 27 % G in a small sample.
Because of overlap into other haplogroups, not all the G people
are obvious. None of the ones that are recognizable match
U8* cluster persons.
>Digora, N. Ossetia-Alania, central Caucasus, S. W. Russia.
Known
to be 74%
G. 17 of 24 of the tested men have an unusual 11/28
value for DYS 389. This is quite different from anything found in western
Europe, but there are a few cases of this combination in eastern
Europe. It is suspected, but not proven, that these men are G2a1. Among the
remaining 7 Digora samples, three men are probably U8* cluster persons.
The N. Ossetians claim to be remnants of the Alans, but they are
genetically different from the groups in western Europe who were also called
Alans.
>Ardon, N. Ossetia-Alania -- central Caucasus, S. W. Russia. Of the 28 tested men,
it is known 21% are G. None are close matches to U8* cluster persons.
There are two in the Ardon group who have the 11,
28 (at DYS 389) that predominates in Digora, but the sample size is
small, making valid conclusions difficult.
>Alagir, Zamankul,
Ziga, N. Ossetia-Alania, central Caucasus, S. W. Russia. In a second study by Nasidze, he found 51
additional G samples among 70 total samples. These represented 75%, 61% and 60% respectively of the
total men sampled there. These haplotypes are displayed at the Whit Athey G
website, but the 51 are several more than would be expected. Did
the author add a few? The 11,28 (at DYS 389) is again extremely common at
these locations and probably respresents G2a1a persons.
Northeast of the
Caucasus:
>
Rutulia, S. W. Russia Known to be
38% G. However the DNA values obtained here have no counterpart
at all to those west of the Caucasus and are considerably genetically
distant from those found in the U8* cluster.
>
Lezginians, S. W. Russia Known to be 32% G in
a small sample of 19 men. The DNA pattern has little in common with those
of U8* cluster persons, but, unlike Rutulia, is a little closer to
the DNA patterns to the west . Like the Kabardinians, about half have
the unusual DYS 385 values of 13,14 or something
similar.
>Darginians, S. W. Russia. In a small sample
of 26 men, found to be 4% G. The DNA profile of the sole individual
G person is not obvious.
>Chechnia, S. W. Russia [It is actually
close to the midpoint of the north Caucasus.] In a small
sample of 19 men, 5% found to be G. The DNA profile
of the sole individual G person is not obvious.
South of the Caucasus:
>Georgia Known
to be about 31% G in one study. Among the
24 G men composing this 31% group, four meet the
author's criteria for likely being part of the U8* cluster. Among the
locations in the Caucasus, Georgia seems to have the closest genetic link
to U8* cluster persons. Another subgroup contains men closely related
to the Kabardinians and Lezginians who live north of the Caucasus. Within
Georgia is the area called South Ossetia which wants to be
independent. The Caucasus study included a large group from there.
For some reason these are not in the YHRD database, and none were
reported as G persons. However, they also were never checked for the
G mutation in that study. So the proportion of G persons in South
Ossetia is an important omission. It is difficult to believe it is
zero.
There is mention in
the study of the Gulf of Oman in 2007 (see Cadenas
in bibliography) that Dr. Regueiro has 48 unpublished samples from Georgia. Again, it is unknown what areas were sampled, but this
sample has a higher percentage of haplogroup G. One has to deduce
the G percentage from a pie chart, and that percentage seems about
60-70%.
>Armenia Known to be about
11% G. Among the 11 G men composing this 11% group, none meet criteria
for being U8* cluster persons. A great diversity of G DNA
profiles seen, such as in Turkey. There might be some bias toward
the profiles seen among the Kabardinians north of the
Caucasus.
>Azerbaijan
Known
to be about 18% G. Among the 6 men composing this 18%
groups, none meets criteria for being U8* cluster persons. These 6 men
are not enough to draw any other conclusions.
>Abazinia
western Georgia. Known to be 29% G in
a small sample. The three men representing this 29% group have marker
values different from U8*cluster persons However, they are consistent with the other
western European G values.
>Abkhazia,
western Georgia. No
G persons in 12 samples.
CONCLUSIONS
— Georgia, south of the Caucusus, seems to
have the highest percentage of genetic near-matches within the Caucasus region to northwestern Europe
G persons. Because the number is small and a minority within
the G community, a deduction that Georgia is the original homeland would
be on shaky ground.
North Ossetia
seems to have by far the highest percentage of G persons in the
world.
The dominant cluster of
the
Kabardinians and Lezginians
(characterized by DYS 385
of 13, 14) is
also a minority within Georgia and is characteristic of much of the
G in the western portion of the old Soviet Union. The North Ossetian
cluster is characterized by DYS 389 of 11, 28 and is
uncommon at any other location currently for which samples are available.
One partial explanation for the presence of U8* cluster persons both sides of
the Caucasus may be the practice of intermarriage across the mountains by princes and
princesses. (see Sulimirski, The Sarmatians , p. 198) Also in the first
millenium of the Current Era a large group of Caucasus persons was
recruited to live in Georgia.
Turkey (abt. 11 percent G)
A 2004
study found 57
G men among 523 DNA samples. Some regional variation within Turkey was
reported in this study, but there were not enough samples in
each region to be statistically reliable as to regional percentages.
Cinnioglu's study of Y chromosomes in Anatolia
Turkey
Some of the marker combinations in the
Cinnioglu study are similar to those seen
in the nearby Caucasus Mountains and to central
Greece and Macedonia and to those among the Iraqi Kurds. It is not
sure who the immediate ancestors of these men were. During the Roman
Empire, one group of Alans was responsible for raids into
today's Iran, and this Turkish group
may be the one if the Alans were mostly
G persons. Some of the G's in Turkey might also be descendants
of Alans hired by the Byzantine emporers at times. They might
also be descendants of the Cimmerians who were described as arriving in
Anatolia when expelled from the northern Caucasus Mtns. in the 700s
B.C.E. by the Scythians, to whom
they might have been related. The Scythians were also described
as cavalrymen speaking a Persian language, a description applied also to
Sarmatians.
A special study of Kurds who
live primarily in southeastern Turkey found 0-4% G persons depending on
the location. The non-Turkish test participants lived in countries
along the border adjoining that area of Turkey. (Nasidze, 2005) Those Kurds in
the Caucasus area resettled there mostly in the World War I period.
Only 1
of the 57 Turkish men meets criteria for being U8* cluster
persons. Most of the men fail to match by at least 3 markers meaning
the relationship to the U8* group is remote. The Turks
are characterized
by an usually large percentage of 21
at DYS
390 — almost half the total. This same
21 pattern is seen among the Iraqi Kurds where one study showed one very common haplotype among
them. A study by King et al. (2008) found that a significant proportion of the
haplo G men tested by Cinnioglu are also M406+. This new SNP has
not been properly classified, but early indications are that it might be found primarily
in Turkey and Greece.
Southeastern
European Countries (abt. 0-4 percent
G)
The following percentages of G
persons in southeastern European countries have been estimated using
the markers combinations found in the YHRD
database:
Albania. abt.
0-2%
There are 0 to 2 likely G men in 101 cases in YHRD.
Two men in the study have marker patterns that could belong to either G or another
group.
Bosnia-Herzegovina 1-2% .
There is just 1 in 110 total samples taken at
Mostar, Doboj-Banja-Luka and Sarajevo for YHRD that is
highly likely G haplogroup. There were 2 other
men who might be G, but their pattern might also be that
of another haplogroup. None of these men belong
to U8* cluster. In a 2005 study
of Bosnia-Hezegovina, 2% of 256 men were
found to be G persons.
Bulgaria. 4-8%.
There are 5 in 122 cases (4% of the total) at YHRD
highly likely to be G persons. There are six others (4% of the
total) who might be G, but their marker values overlap other
haplogroups. Unlike the situation in neighboring Romania, none of
these Bulgarian men belong to the U8* cluster.
Croatia. 2-3%. There are
3 in 150 YHRD samples taken at Zagreb highly likely to be G
persons. There is one other with simultaneous characteristics of another
haplogroup who might also be G. Just one of these Croatian men belongs to
the U8* cluster.
It has
been said in some sources that the Croatians, who today have their own
country, claim the Sarmatians as their ancestors. If so, the
available studies do not seem to validate this conclusion, presuming that
G is the signature haplogroup for Sarmatians.
Croatians --
Population Origins
Y
Haplogroups in Croatian Population This
article found 4% G percentage among 451 samples, but the island of Korcula
had 11% among 132 samples. This island over the years has had a
significant presence of Phoenicians, Greeks, Slavs and Venetians,
among others, with no obvious source of the G.
Greece.
3-4%. There are 7 in 248 cases
likely to be G persons. There are 4 others who might also be G
persons. Those samples from the outer islands, such as Crete, Chios
and Peloponnes and the northern interior in Macedonia province seem to be
much less likely to have G persons than the central portion of
the country. The patterns seen are more suggestive of those seen in
Turkey than in the rest of Europe. A 2003 study found abt. 7% G2 men among
366 Greek samples. This latter study, which has more island samples,
did not find G persons to be fewer in the islands. A new study by
King et al. (2008 - see bibliography) found that a significant proportion
of the haplo G men in Greece and
Crete are also M406+. This new SNP
has not been properly classified, but earlier indications are that it might
be found primarily in Turkey and Greece.
Crete.
9%. In the Martinez study (see
bibliograpy) 16 in 168 cases in the eastern part of the island were found
to be G. Only 25% of these samples was G2a (P15+) but the remainder
were not typed for other subgroups of G. A new study by King et al.
(2008 - see bibliography) found that a significant proportion of
the haplo G men in Greece and Crete are also M406+. This new SNP has
not been properly classified, but earlier indications are that it might be found primarily
in Turkey and Greece.
Macedonia.
2% . There are 3 in 149
cases likely to be G persons. None belong to the U8*
cluster.
Serbia —
seemingly not represented in YHRD.
Slovenia. 2%
. There are 3 in 121
YHRD samples taken at Ljubljana highly likely to be G persons.
None belong to the
U8* cluster.
CONCLUSION
— There are seemingly only small
percentages of G persons in southeastern Europe. None of the
countries have significant numbers of persons belonging to the U8* cluster.
Greek and Macedonian test participants seem most closely related to
Turkish G persons.
Poland and Western portion
of old Soviet
Union (less than 1 percent
G)
The following percentages of G persons in
these countries have been estimated using the markers combinations found
in the YHRD database:
Ukraine and Western
Russia. 1%.
There are 3 in 318 samples in YHRD taken at Kiev, Novgorrod and
Moscow that are likely G persons.
There is also one other who might be a G person within these samples. None
are part of the U8* cluster. And a quick scan
of new western Russian samples available in YHRD in early 2007
failed to find likely U8* cluster samples. The Ukrainian samples share many
similarities with samples from the northern Caucasus region. There
is also a listing of 129 men in YHRD who are Old Believers of the Russian
Orthodox Church, but living in Bialystok, Poland. Their families
presumably came from Russia. None of these Old
Believers seem to be G persons. In addition, a 2005 study
in Genetika
found a 1.5%
G haplogroup rate among 68 Byelorussians.
Belarus.
1%.
The samples in YHRD from Belarus lack several important
markers and cannot be used for comparisons. However, Byelorussian men
at Bialystok, Poland, were tested and 2 of 157 men are highly likely to be
G persons. One of these men belongs to the U8*
cluster.
Estonia.
0%. There are no obvious G persons in YHRD
in a sample of 133 men tested at Tartu.
Latvia. 1% . There are 2 in 145
YHRD samples taken at Riga that are highly likely to be G
persons. None of these are part of the U8* cluster.
Lithuania. 2-3%.
There are 3 in 157 YHRD samples taken at Vilnius that are
highly likely to be G persons. There 2 other men who might be G
persons. None of these men are part of the U8* cluster. They
seem most closely related to the Kabardinian persons north of the Caucasus
Mtns.
Poland 2% .
There are 34 in 2,110 YHRD samples
taken at Bialystok, Bydgoszcz, Gdansk, Krakow, Lublin, Suwalki,
Szczecin, Warsaw and Wroclaw that are highly likely to
represent G persons.
There are an additional 11 persons who might
also be G persons. Several person belong to the U8*
cluster, but the values found in DYS385 are most typical of
the Kabardinians of the northern Caucasus Mtns. The Sarmatian
remnants spoken of throughout the Middle Ages in Poland
might be descendants of the Antae tribe of Sarmatians if
the Sarmatians were predominantly G.
Tajikistan There is
mention in the study of the Gulf of Oman in 2007 (see Cadenas in
bibliography) that Dr. Regueiro has 24 unpublished samples
from Tajikistan. There are no observable G samples on the
related pie chart provided for Tajikistan.
Uzbekistan and
Kazakhstan A 2001 study
by Karafet et. al. found among 54 Uzbekistan samples about 4% G, and among
30 Kazakhstan samples, about 12% G. Several Uzbek samples in a
private database are similar to samples in my mostly English clade #
4. [see my G clade page] But one of the these was a Crimean Tatar. [Large number of Crimeans
were removed from there by Stalin, and are returning there in recent
years.]
CONCLUSION — Poland and the western part of
the old
Soviet Union have marker values typical of the Kabardinian areas north of the
Caucasus Mtns. rather than the countries to the west. Samples from the
other areas are not available. Southern Siberia
The 2005 Derenko study of
multiple groups of southern Siberia along the China-Mongolian
border
found less than 1% of G in three populations:
Altaians, Buryats, and Tuvinians. It is unclear whether there is any
possibility these located G persons might be descendants of persons
banished to Siberia under various Russian/Soviet administrations. No G persons were
found in samples taken in Mongolia, and among Teleuts, Khakassians, Shors, Toijns,
Sojots, Kalmyks, Evenks and Tofalars.
East Central European Countries
The following percentages of G persons in
these countries have been estimated using the markers combinations found
in the YHRD database:
Romania. abt. 4-5% There are 16 to 18 likely G men among 375 cases
in YHRD. The rate is higher is several specific areas of Romania
than in others. The sampled areas
seem to be entirely in the center of the country. Sample sites listed
as (1) Romania, (2) Lunca De Sus, (3) Corund and (4) Miercurea Ciuc.
The U8* cluster is in the near majority, as represented by 8 of
the 16 likely men, a U8* pattern seen also in Britain.
Moldova.
abt 4% In a 2006 study of the Turkish-speaking Gagauz
of Moldova, Nasitze et al. found that this group and their neighbors in
Moldova were abuot 4% G among 100 total samples.
Hungary. abt.
2%. There are 193 cases from
central Hungary at Budapest in YHRD.
Of these, 6 men (abt. 3%) are likely G persons with only
one included in the U8* cluster. Budapest is just to the west
of several provinces settled by a large group of Alans in
the Middle Ages. It is possible that a group of about 22 men (abt 11%
of the total) in the Budapest sample are also G persons. The DNA pattern
in question among this latter group is also seen in I1a persons.
Without additional testing it is not possible to determine which
haplogroup is represented by these men. Of particular interest,
most of these DNA patterns have DYS 385 values of 13,14, which are typical
of that seen in the northwestern Caucasus among men determined by SNP
testing to be G persons. However, one
study found 10 percent of Hungary was I1a, without reporting the specific marker patterns. This
13,14 pattern is definitely missing in the southern
Hungary group at Szeged, which argues somewhat in favor
of this 13,14 pattern at Budapest being an Alan signature originating in
the settlements east of Budapest (if the Alans were
predominantly G). On the other hand, if the 13,14 men are omitted,
no likely I1A persons would be present among the 193 Budapest test
subjects. This latter situation would be inconsistent with the cited
study of I haplogroup as it pertained to Hungary. Testing
of men from that eastern Hungarian Alan region would likely resolve the
question, but nothing seems available at present.
Also
available are the 100 men in YHRD tested at Szeged
in southern Hungary. One man (1% of the total) is likely a
G person, but the pattern
is not part of the U8* cluster. Several other men are possible Gs, but
I1a is just as likely.
Slovakia — not apparently represented in the
YHRD database.
Czech Republic 4-6% — There are 10 likely G men (4% of the total) among 252
YHRD samples taken in central Bohemia. Also, an additional 5 Czechs
(2% of the total) might be G persons with closely shared marker
patterns with other groups making it difficult to distinguish the correct
haplogroup. None of these men belong to the U8* cluster.
A specifc Czech study found among 257
samples that .8%
were plain G and 4.3% were G2a [then called
G2].
CONCLUSION — Romania
shows up as the only location in eastern Europe with high percentage
of matches to the U8* cluster. This might suggest
that Romania is today the location of the remnants of the ancestral group
for many of the U8* cluster G persons. The sample
size of G persons is not as large as would be desired for a
statistically reliable conclusion.
Germany, Austria, Switzerland (abt.
5 percent
G)
The following
percentages of G persons in these countries have been estimated using the
markers combinations found in the YHRD
database:
Germany. 4-5%
There are 215 likely G men (4% of the
total) among 5,343 YHRD samples taken at Berlin,
Chemnitz, Cologne, Dresden, Düsseldorf, Freiburg, Greifswald, Halle, Hamburg,
Leipzig, Magdeburg, Mainz, Muenster, Munich, Rostock and Stuttgart. Also included in
this collection are men from a group of German
Sorbs, a distinct group with Slavic origins. Also, an additional 63 Germans
in YHRD (1% of the total) might be
G persons with closely shared marker patterns with other haplogroups making it
difficult to distinguish the correct haplogroup. There are no dramatic differences among
the regions of Germany as to the percentage of
likely G persons. Freiburg and Stuttgart in the southwest have a slightly above
average 4.7%, and Munich in the southeast is slightly above average at 6% G
persons. Only 51 of the likely 215 G men belong
to the U8* cluster. The G people in Germany seem to be a conglomeration
of G profiles from all the
surrounding countries. The barbarian invasions prior to 1500 yrs
B.P. could have helped spread the genetic profiles, and there has
been in-migration since into Germany. For example, northern Germany took
in up to a half-million Protestant Huguenots fleeing from France in earlier
centuries as well as a large group of
Protestants expelled from Austrian Salzburg. There were
also Turkish workers who came to Germany after World
War II, and G has a higher percentage in Turkey than
Germany.
Austria 8-10%?
There are 22 likely G men ( 8%) among
261 YHRD Austrian samples taken in
the Tyrol, at Graz and Vienna. This is the highest percentage of G
persons in any country west of the Caucasus Mtns. Almost all these likely G men
actually were found among the Tyrol samples in the western
part of the country. Since this area actually represents less than 10%
of the population, the G percentage
is all of Austria could be as low as 4%. Also, an
additional 6 Austrians in YHRD (2% of the Austrian total) might be
G persons with closely shared marker patterns with other groups,
making it difficult to distinguish the correct haplogroup. Like its German neighbor,
the G profiles are quite diverse. The same marker combinations are seen
as in Germany. The U8* cluster is seen in 8 of the 22 men though
the combinations are atypical.
Switzerland 5-6% . There are 17 likely
G men ( 5%) among 346 YHRD samples taken at Lausanne, Bern and an unstated
location. Also, an additional 5 Swiss in YHRD ( 1% of the
Swiss total) might be G persons with closely shared marker patterns
with other groups, making it difficult to distinguish the correct
haplogroup. Three of the 17 men belong to the U8*
cluster. The total number of G men is too small to make other
conclusions as to origins.
Scandinavia (abt 2 percent G)
The following percentages of G persons in
these countries have been estimated using the marker value combinations found in
the YHRD database: In Scandinavia, there are many persons with
I1a haplotype, and some marker combinations are difficult to distinguish
from some G combinations. However, very few of these are likely to
be G persons. Only two of the Scandinavian men in YHRD are
part of the U8* cluster.
Sweden. 2-3+%. There are 18 likely G men among 718 YHRD
samples taken at Blekinge, Gotland, Östergotland/Jönköping, Skaraborg,
Värmland, Västerbotten, Uppsala and also at an unstated location.
There are 35 additional men in this sample (4 % of the total) whose
combinations are closest to G persons, but logically most are probably I1a
persons whose scores are very close to the G scores in each
instance. Studies that checked specifically for the G mutation are
necessary here with so much ambiguity, and a 2006 study
of Swedish men
found 10 G men among 343 sampled. (3.4%)
Norway. 2%.
There are 5 likely G men among 300 YHRD samples taken from multiple
areas of Norway. There are 19 additional men in this sample (3
% of the total) whose combinations are closest to G persons, but logically
most are probably I1a persons whose scores are very close to the G scores
in each instance.
Denmark. 1%.
There are 3 likely G men among 247 YHRD Danish
samples. There are 7 additional men in this sample (3 % of the
total) whose combinations are closest to G persons, but logically most are
probably I1a persons whose scores are very close to the G scores in each
instance.
Finland. 2%. There
are 7 likely G men
among 399 YHRD Finnish samples. There are 2 additional
men in this sample (1 % of the total) whose combinations are closest to
G persons, but logically most are probably I1a persons whose scores are
very close to the G scores in the Whit Athey haplogroup calculator in each
instance. A 2006
study
covering only the Österbotten area found 2 G persons among about 40 men there
(5%).
CONCLUSION
— The Scandinavian G men tend to have their nearest genetic matches
in other Scandinavian countries, and a high percentage have a DYS390 value
of 23. Most of the possible G marker combinations in YHRD for
Scandinavia seem rather to be accidental similarities with the very common
I1a haplogroup markers. Many of these unresolved
Scandinavian group designations, for example, have DYS19 =
14, which is
a very uncommon finding among confirmed
G persons. There are several U8* cluster marker sets in the
Y-Search database from Scandinavia, but the YHRD
sample set is much more random and only contains
two U8* cluster persons among the 33 likely G men. A Norwegian study not
yet listed here suggests the U8* cluster persons are much more common
there. A minority of G persons in Scandinavia also have profiles most resembling the
northern Caucasus area profiles. Outside of Scandinavia, most
of the found G combinations cluster together mostly with German
samples. Some of these G persons may have come into
Scandinavia with Huguenots and Walloon emigations.
Low
Countries and France. (abt. 3 percent
G)
The following
percentages of G persons in these countries have been estimated using the
markers combinations found in the YHRD
database:
Netherlands. 3-5%
There are 11 likely G men (3% of
the total) among 371 YHRD samples taken at Zeeland, Limburg,
Leiden, Groningen, Friesland and an unstated location. Also, an additional 6
Dutchmen in YHRD (2% of the total) may or may not be
G persons. Four of the 11 likely G men belong to the U8*
cluster. It is difficult to categorize the other likely men because
of the diversity.
Belgium. 2-4%
There
are 5 likely G men (2% of the total)
among 238 YHRD samples taken at Brussels and Leuven. Also,
an additional 5 Belgians in YHRD (2% of the total) may or may not be
G persons. The number of men found is too small to make any
valid conclusions, but 2 of the 5 likely G men belong to the U8*
cluster.
France. 2½-3% There
are 8 likely G men (2.5%) among 333 YHRD samples taken at
Paris, Strasbourg and Lyon. [Nothing available from western
France.]. Also, an additional 2 Frenchmen in YHRD (1% of
the total) may or may not be G persons. Four of the
8 likely G men belong to the U8* cluster, and the non-cluster men
are too few to make a valid conclusion.
CONCLUSION — These G people might
be descendants of the Alan Sarmatians and other Sarmatians the Romans
recruited as settlers in northern France and Belgium AND the Alans who
accompanied the Goths to southern France if G predominated
among these groups. The number of G samples
is too small for valid conclusions. It might be especially useful
to have samples from Brittany where Alan allies were supposedly providing
cavalry support in the Middle Ages.
British Isles
(less than 2 percent G)
Only two specific areas of England (London and
Birmingham) have test results available in the YHRD
database.
In
England , 8 likely G men (2%
of the total) were found among 371 YHRD samples taken at at test sites
in Birmingham and London. Also, an additional 3 Englishmen in YHRD (1% of
the total) may or may not be G persons. Only two of
the likely G men in YHRD belong to the U8* cluster,
but much larger data sets in Y-Search and Sorenson databases indicate that the true percentage
of the U8* cluster in Britain is almost half the G total
within the British population.
Only one man in
Ireland out of 152 Irish YHRD samples
represents a likely G person. A much better study of Ireland gathered 797 Y samples
from throughout the island. They determined the haplogroups of all
these men and did not find any that were G.
However, several of those not fully resolved into a specific haplogroup could be G persons.
This data for this article by Moore et. al. (2005) located in the .xls spreadsheet file
listed there.
Unfortunately, YHRD has not provided
test results from the more typically Celtic areas, such as Wales, Scotland
and (apparently) western Ireland. Two of the three sites (from
other data) seem to indicate smaller percentages of G in these two
sites than in England, making it likely that the true percentage of
G overall in the British Isles is less than 2%. The author has
here in this narrative not included specialty studies in YHRD which provide
data on Chinese, Indian and Carib ethnic groups in England.
A 2002 study
by Weale et. al. found only one case of U8* cluster marker values among 313 men
they tested in a belt across central England that included
northern Wales. (see table in the Weale study)
This result probably overstates the actual rate in that region
because they did not make use of several of the faster-mutating and more characteristic
G basic markers as part of their marker
set.
CONCLUSION — G
haplogroup within Britain has one of the lowest percentages in Europe.
The conclusions about this population are covered in the first page of
this site.
Italy (abt. 5 percent
G)
There are 89 likely G men (5% of the total)
among 1,645 YHRD samples taken at or in Bologna, Venice,
Tuscany, Umbria, Puglia, Marche, Liguria, Lombardy, Latium and Emilia
Romagna, as well as the Sicilian towns of Caccamo, Sciacca, Piazza
Armerina, Alcomo, Santa Ninfa, Mazara del Vallo, Ragusa, Pantelleria,
Trapani, Troina and an unidentifed location. Also, an
additional 20 Italians in YHRD (1% of the total) may or may
not be G persons.
Because Italy is a lengthy country, the regional
percentages are of particular interest. Sicily in the far south
has 4% likely G men. Puglia in the southeast heel of the Italian
boot has 6%. Latium and Umbria in the center have
5%. In the northwest, Tuscany, Liguria and Lombardy have
5.5%. In the northeast, Venice, Bologna, Marche and Emilia Romagna
have 8%.
A 2003 study of 524 men in
small Italian towns found G2a [then termed G2] percentages slightly higher
than mine. However, a 2007 study with 699 samples taken all over the Italian peninsula found 75 G
men, representing 11% of the total -- with similar G percentages found
throughout the peninsula.
The maximum percentages of likely G Italian men who
are near to the U8* cluster are as follows: Sicily (39%),
Puglia, southeast heel (0% in a small sample), Latium and Umbria in the
center (36%), the northeast (12%), the northwest (22%).
Sardinia
was the subject of a separate study in which no marker values were
reported, but the haplogroups were tested. This 2003 study by Zei
et. al. in the European Journal of Human Genetics , found 28 of
202 Sardinian men (13.8%) were G persons. This is higher than in the
rest of Italy. Sardinia has three distinct regions, and there has been some cross migration among
the regions. Zei noted that haplogroup G was found in higher than
expected numbers in the northern end of the island. About 25%
of the population in the north is G, and 65% of
the G is found in the north. The other Sardinian haplogroups
do not have this distribution. The north is the area invaded by Catalan-speaking
groups in 1372, pushing back the native Sardinians in that area. I originally
thought they could account for this unusual G percentage, but further
information seems to suggest the occupation was restricted primarily to
one town. Today the Catalan-speaking persons are overwhelmingly residents of that
town, and the Sardinian researchers did not specifically sample this town.
So this odd percentage of G seemingly must have
its origins in Roman times or earlier due to lack
of other known colonization since then. There are Roman ruins in the
north, and it is known that the Romans exiled individuals and groups, including Jews,
to the island. A single 7-marker Sardinian result is available from
an unpublished research project, but the values are not typical of any
known cluster within haplogroup G.
CONCLUSION — Although the
percentage of the U8* cluster is unusually high in the southern part of
Italy, these men do not seem genetically as close to the U8*
cluster persons in northwestern Europe as are those in Romania
because the specific marker variations in Romania are more similar
to those in Britain. Those G persons in the north of
Italy are candidates for being descendants of the Alans
and other Sarmatians the Romans allowed to settle there in the late
Roman Empire. Some Sarmatian slaves also came with the Germanic
Lombards in their occupation of mostly northern Italy. These
comments presume these Sarmatians were predominantly haplo G, which is not
proven.
Iberian Peninsula (abt. 4 percent
G)
The following
percentages of G persons in these countries have been estimated using the
marker combinations found in the YHRD
database:
Spain. 3%. There are 39 likely
G men (3%) among 1,486 YHRD Spanish samples. There
are 5 additional men in this sample (less than 1% of the
total) who may or may not be G persons
Portugal. 5%.
There are 57 likely G men (5%) among 1165 YHRD Portuguese samples. There
are 6 additional men in this sample (less than 1 % of
the total) who may or may not be G persons. There
are 9 men with
the values of 12/16 for DYS 385. There
are only four other persons throughout Europe with this finding. The DYS19 value of 16
is also found in unusually high frequencies there.
The maximum percentages of
likely G Iberian men who possibly belong to the U8* cluster are as
follows: Portugal (5%), Spain (20%) So far no one belonging to
the U13 cluster has been located within these two
Iberian countries though it is present in most other parts of western
Europe.
In a 2005
study, of 168 Basque men from the
Gipuzkoa, Biscay, Alava & Navarre areas, only 1 in 168 were G, that being 1 G2a [then
termed G2] man who was not G2a1 [then termed G2a]. This study also updated a 2003 study of Iberia, in which of 692
men 30 were now found to be haplogroup G (4%). Of the
30, 28 were G2a [then termed G2],
1 was G2a1 [then termed G2a] and 1 was G but not
G2a [then termed
G2].
CONCLUSION — In the most likely
explanation, most G persons in Spain are perhaps
descendants of the Alans who were Goth allies who expelled the
Vandals from the Iberian peninsula if the Alans were predominantly G
persons. The G persons in Portugal are perhaps similarly mostly
descendants of the Alans who occupied Lusitania (mostly Portugal) during
the Vandal occupation of the peninsula. Portuguese G persons have an
unusual percentages of 12,16 values at DYS385. This finding is
almost non-existant elsewhere. 12, 16 may have resulted
from a founder effect, where one man with an atypical value passed it
on to a large number of descendants in that one area.
Iran
There are only about
5 G samples available from central Iran. (see corresponding Nasidze article in
bibliography) They are much closer to the DNA profiles seen in western
Europe than those found today in the northern Caucasus--if this pattern holds
up in a larger sample. The U8* cluster seems to be
present in Iran in unknown quantities.
A summer 2006
study of Iranian Y chromosome haplogroups
indicates that haplogroup samples from central Iran in general show
most similarities with patterns in the Caucasus region and
Uzbekistan. In contrast, in their new samples from north and south
Iran, the haplogroup patterns were more similar to those seen in Turkey
and Pakistan. This was not a generalization specifically
applied to G distributions and may not be true for G. This study,
however, is one of the few available that checked for subgroups
of G. Almost half the samples in southern Iran were G1 haplogroup,
apparently the highest known percentage of G1 among G populations in the world. There was
no haplotype information in this study, and the only
useful information for the G subject area is that
G2a [then termed G2] predominates in north and south Iran (as seemingly
everywhere else in the world) and that G1 is seen in unusual frequency
in south Iran. Nasidze (see bibliography) has
made 3 studies of Iran but has failed to test for anything other
than general G (M201), and he does not make
his haplotypes available on a timely basis. The 2008 article summarizes the
G percentages in all 3 studies, noting
22% G among the Gilaki (50 samples),
14% among the Mazandarani (50 samples) and 8% among the Bakhtiari (53
samples), which is significantly higher than among Arabs of southwest Iran and the
general population of central Iran. [The Gilaki and Mazandarani live in
the South Caspian area]
Middle
East
A 2005 study of
Jordan Y-chromosomes also included in the authors' table 1 a
listing of G percentages in other regional studies. The
testing was only for G (M201) and not for the subgroups. The
results showed the following percentages:
Jordan -- 4% in 146
samples
Oman -- 3% in 121
samples
Iraq -- 3% in 203 samples
Lebanon -- 3% in 104
samples
Syria -- 3% in 111 samples
Palestine -- 3 % in 143 samples.
A 2004 study (see Shen
in bibliography) found among the following Israelis:
no G
among 12 Samaritans [an Israeli ethnic group]
6 of 20
tested Moroccan Jews were G2.
15 of 20 Palestinians
tested were G2
2 of 20 Libyan Jews were G2
1 of 20
Yemenite Jews were G2
2 of 20 Iraqi Jews were
G2
And a 2007 study of Qatar, United Arab
Emirates and Yemen (see Cadenas in bibliography) found a small amount
of G in these countries.
In Qatar, 2.8% of 72 samples were
G2.
In the UAE, 1.8% of 164 samples were G2, 1.8% were G1 and .6% were
G1a.
In Yemen, 1.6% of 62 samples were G2.
The findings in
regard to the UAE make it the apparent 3rd largest known locale for
G1
percentage in the world, but the numbers are so small this probably
does not reach
criteria for statistical significance.
North Africa
Egypt
Egypt --
10% in 147 samples taken at Cairo and Tanta. Info from the data
accompanying Luis's 2004 article (see bibliography)
He indentified 13 G
persons in Egypt, all of them G2a [then termed G2]. There is a great
similarity among most Tanta samples.
Berbers
Describing them only as North
African Berbers, a
2005 study
found 2 of 75 men as G (3%).
Both of these men were G2a [then termed G2] but not G2a1 [then termed
G2a]. A 2002
study found 2 of 49 Arab Moroccans as G (4%), and likewise 5 of 64
Berber Moroccans as G (8%). The authors refer in this latter study to G as # 54, which corresponds to M201 mutation in
another table.
Tunisia
The Alans and
Vandals had their headquarters originally in North Africa at
Carthage. This town is now in Tunisia. There are 246
Tunisians listed in the YHRD database, including 30 Berbers, 131
Anadulisian Arabs and 31 samples from Zriba, and 54 from Tunis. None
of the these men have any DNA pattern resembling the G patterns seen in
Europe.
Pakistan
A 2006 study of three
populations in northern Pakistan by Firasat et al. (see bibliography) found that among 97
samples among the Burusho 1% were G; among 44 samples among the Kalash 18%
were G; and among 96 samples among the Pathan, 12% were G. They
tested only for the M201 SNP marker and not for subtypes of G.
An earlier 2002 study of Pakistan by Qamar et al. which seemed to include G haplotypes in the
authors' group 8 did not find so many G persons
among the Kalash in a similar 44 sample universe. Sengupta et al.'s 2006 study
of the general region found (1) G1 person among 75 Pakistani samples. He was
among the Branhui of S. Parkiston. They also found (2) G2c [then termed
G5] persons among these 75 samples, one among the Burusho of S. Pakistan
and one among Pathan of the north. These same researchers found (8) G2a [then termed G2] persons
among these 75 samples. Five were Kalash people from the north,
and three were among the semi-Dravidian Brahui of the
south. There were only 19 Kalash samples.
East and
South Asia
In the 2006 study by
Michael Hammer et. al pertaining to Japan (see bibiliography) is contained
in the supplementary material a listing of the G percentage in the
following populations:
Zero percent
Japan - 0% in 259
samples
Southern Han of China - 0% in 40 samples
Korea - 0% in 75
samples
Taiwan - 0% in 132 samples
Vietnam - 0% in 70
samples
Philippines - 0% in 48 samples
Indonesia - 0% in 80
samples
Oceania (native peoples) - 0% in 209 samples
Tibet - 0% in
105 samples
No G found among the Manchu and Manchurians, Evenks, Evens,
Oroqens, Tujias, Yizus, Miaos,
Yaos, Yuangs and
Shes.
Some G in population
Northern Han of China - 2.3%
in 44 samples
Buryat people of northeastern Asia - 1.2% in 41
samples
Malay people - 6.3% in 32 samples
Uygur of central Asia -
4.5% in 67 samples
Altai of central Asia - 1% in 98
samples
Mongolia - 0.7% in 149 samples
India - 1.5% in 403 samples [an unpublished
study also found (1) G2c man in northwestern
India]
Sir Lanka - 5.5% in 91
samples
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