| Nouns | Verbs |
| bot - tool, device, machine | enжa- to have; ownership, possession |
| diyi - any fruit or vegetable | yusin - to see, to look at; vision, sight |
| ug - this, that | noжo - mess up, destroy; accident |
| efen - he, she, it | witi - have sex with; sex; sexual |
| bate - bug, insect, spider | tewad - to want, to need, to have to; desire |
| ma - land, country, region, | |
| outside area | Grammatical Words |
| doko - something, anything, stuff, thing | o - introduces direct object (see notes below) |
Direct objects using
o
In lesson three, we saw how phrases such as iж maж could have two potential meanings: I'm eating or I am food. You have to rely on context heavily in these situations. However, there is one way to specify that you want to say I'm eating versus I am food. Observe:
iж maж o diyi. = I eat fruit.
efen uten yusin o bate. = He's watching the bug.
Whatever is getting action done on itself is the "direct object," and in
Duжar,
we separate the verb and the direct object with o so that there is no confusion.
Also in lesson three we discussed how suna
goda, like iж maж, has two possible meanings: You are good or You're fixing. Normally, it would mean You are good simply because no one really says I'm fixing without actually telling what it is that they are trying to fix. With
o, you can now specify:
efen uten goda o bot. = She's fixing the machine.
iж goda o doko. = I'm fixing something.
If you have had the opportunity to study a language such as Latin,
German, or Esperanto, the direct object should not be too difficult for
you. Otherwise, try to practice using it (And don't forget to keep
practicing uten as well.). Once you get a little further into Duжar, you'll see why
o is necessary.
Direct objects using
o with tewad
If you need to say that you want to do something, follow this example:
iж tewad yusin o ma. = I want to see the countryside.
iж tewad noжo o suna. = I must destroy you.
As you can see, o
doesn't come until after the infinitive in these two sentences, rather
than before it. A few people have mistakenly said things such as, "iж tewad o
noжo o suna," so now you can be on your guard against this mistake.
Compound sentences
There are two ways to make compound sentences in Duжar; one way involves using
uten, and the other way involves using o. Since you've now studied both of these words, we'll cover how to use both of them to make compound sentences. Observe:
bate uten yusin uten witi.
This would be translated as, "The bug looks and has sex." By putting uten before each verb, you can show how the subject, which is
bate in this case, does more than one thing.
iж maж uten noжo.
This says, "I eat and destroy." While uten is still omitted before maж because the subject of the sentence is
iж (Look back over lesson three if you've forgotten this rule), we still use it before the second verb,
noжo. Without the uten there, the sentence would be chaotic and confusing. Compound sentences with
suna follow this same pattern.
The other type of compound
sentence is used when there are several direct objects of the same
verb, like in this following example:
iж maж o diyi o telon.
This says "I eat/drink fruit and water." o is used multiple times because
diyi and telon are both direct objects, and so o must precede them both. Here's another example:
iж tewad yusin o ma o daran. -- I want to see the land and the sun.
Whew! That was a bit confusing. You might want to take some time to re-read what all has been said or reflect on it. When you think you're ready, try these practice exercises:
Practice
Try translating these sentences from English to Duжar.
I have a tool.
She's eating fruit.
Something is watching me.
He wants to squish the spider.
Pineapple is a food and is good.
The bug is thirsty.
Think of the sentence like this: "The bug wants to drink water."
And now try changing these sentences from Duжar into English:
iж yusin o ug.
iж tewad witi o efen.
nemџ uten tewad enжa o ma.
iж nemџ uten gada.